Buchsbaum3030. Buchsbaum MS, Potkin SG, Marshall JF, Lottenberg S, Teng C, Heh CW, et al. Effects of clozapine and thiothixene on glucose metabolic rate in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1992;6:155-63.
|
12 patients |
CLZ (7)TTX (5) |
18F-FDG-PETContinuous Performance Task |
28-49 days |
Basal ganglia |
N/A |
CLZ: ↑ metabolism in basal ganglia vs. TTX |
Cohen3131. Cohen RM, Nordahl TE, Semple WE, Andreason P, Litman RE, Pickar D. The brain metabolic patterns of clozapine- and fluphenazine-treated patients with schizophrenia during a continuous performance task. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:481-6.
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43 patients41 controls |
FLZ (22)CLZ (11) |
18F-FDG-PETAuditory Discrimination Task |
Single scan |
Superior and inferior PFC, occipital, parietal, temporal lateral, limbic, and subcortex |
N/A |
CLZ: ↓ metabolism in the PFC vs. controls and FLZ↑ metabolism of limbic, parietal, and occipital cortices vs. controls |
Cohen3232. Cohen RM, Nordahl TE, Semple WE, Pickar D. The brain metabolic patterns of clozapine- and fluphenazine-treated female patients with schizophrenia: evidence of a sex effect. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;21:632-40.
|
52 patients81 controls |
FLZ (28)CLZ (24) |
18F-FDG-PETAuditory Discrimination Task |
Single scan |
|
N/A |
CLZ: ↓ in superior and inferior PFC and ↑ in the occipital and parietal vs. controls↑↑↑ effect in the temporal medial cortex |
Lahti3333. Lahti AC, Holcomb HH, Weiler MA, Medoff DR, Tamminga CA. Functional effects of antipsychotic drugs: comparing clozapine with haloperidol. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53:601-8.
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6 patients |
HLP (5)CLZ (after) (5)Previous typical AP |
PET 15O water |
35 weeks |
Cerebral activation pattern |
(32, 4, -12)(-14, 8, 16)(-50, -8, 26)(-26, 16, 36)(-30, -28, -10)(50, 34, -4)(-44, 34, -6) |
↑ of perfusion in right ventral striatum, left caudate, and left DLPFC vs. controls↑ in anterior cingulate, medial frontal cortex, DLFC, and occipital cortex vs. HLP↓ in left hippocampus and VLFC vs. controls↓ ventral striatum, putamen, right VLFC vs. HLP |
Lahti3434. Lahti AC, Holcomb HH, Weiler MA, Medoff DR, Frey KN, Hardin M, et al. Clozapine but not haloperidol Re-establishes normal task-activated rCBF patterns in schizophrenia within the anterior cingulate cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29:171-8.
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6 patients12 controls |
HLP (5)CLZ (after) (5) Previous typical AP |
PET 15O water |
35 weeks |
Anterior cingulate gyrus |
(-2, 12, 48) |
CLZ with similar perfusion to controls |
Molina3535. Molina V, Gispert JD, Reig S, Sanz J, Pascau J, Santos A, et al. Cerebral metabolic changes induced by clozapine in schizophrenia and related to clinical improvement. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005;178:17-26.
|
22 patients |
HLPCLZPrevious typical AP |
18F-FDG-PET |
6 months |
Cerebral activation pattern |
(30, 58, 32)(-34, 52, 34)(-6, 54, 40),(-30, -12, 2)(26, 4, 2)(34, -78, 4)(-30, -82, 20) |
CLZ: ↓ in DLPFC, medial prefrontal and left inferior medial temporal cortex, and basal ganglia vs. HLP↑ in occipital vs. HLP |
Molina3636. Molina V, Sanz J, Sarramea F, Palomo T. Marked hypofrontality in clozapine-responsive patients. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007;40:157-62.
|
40 patients18 controls |
CLZ (23)Previous typical and atypical APNN (17) |
18F-FDG-PET |
Single scan |
Cerebral activation pattern |
(52, 22, 34)(2, 52, -4)(2, 36, 16)(-40, 18, 0)(42, 20, -2)(-6, 14, -6)(44, 26, 42)(-26, 38, -8)(2, 54, -6),(-4, 44, 40) |
CLZ: ↓ in dorsolateral cortex, orbito-frontal, insular, and anterior cingulate vs. controls and NN |