Demographic variables |
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Male sex,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.,5454. Dack C, Ross J, Papadopoulos C, Stewart D, Bowers L. A review and meta-analysis of the patient factors associated with psychiatric in-patient aggression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127:255-68. single or divorced marital status,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.,5454. Dack C, Ross J, Papadopoulos C, Stewart D, Bowers L. A review and meta-analysis of the patient factors associated with psychiatric in-patient aggression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127:255-68. secondary school or fewer years of education,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20. being unemployed1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.
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2B |
Younger age (risk decreases with increasing age)5454. Dack C, Ross J, Papadopoulos C, Stewart D, Bowers L. A review and meta-analysis of the patient factors associated with psychiatric in-patient aggression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127:255-68.,5555. Cornaggia CM, Beghi M, Pavone F, BaraleF. Aggression in psychiatry wards: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189:10-20.
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3A |
Previous history |
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Illegal activities resulting in incarceration,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20. frequent use of emergency services1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.
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2B |
History of violence5454. Dack C, Ross J, Papadopoulos C, Stewart D, Bowers L. A review and meta-analysis of the patient factors associated with psychiatric in-patient aggression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127:255-68.,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85.
|
2C |
Numerous previous hospitalizations5454. Dack C, Ross J, Papadopoulos C, Stewart D, Bowers L. A review and meta-analysis of the patient factors associated with psychiatric in-patient aggression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127:255-68.
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3A |
Conditions of admission |
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Brought in by police, ambulance, caregiver, or under court order1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.
|
2B |
Involuntary admission5454. Dack C, Ross J, Papadopoulos C, Stewart D, Bowers L. A review and meta-analysis of the patient factors associated with psychiatric in-patient aggression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127:255-68.,5555. Cornaggia CM, Beghi M, Pavone F, BaraleF. Aggression in psychiatry wards: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189:10-20.
|
3A |
Signs and symptoms |
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History that includes suicidal actions or ideation,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.,5555. Cornaggia CM, Beghi M, Pavone F, BaraleF. Aggression in psychiatry wards: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189:10-20. mania or hypomania,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20. sadness,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20. psychosis,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.,5555. Cornaggia CM, Beghi M, Pavone F, BaraleF. Aggression in psychiatry wards: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189:10-20.,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. hallucinations,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20. bizarre ideation,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20. anxiety1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.
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2B |
General over-arousal of body systems (increased breathing and heart rate, dilating pupils),5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. thought processes unclear,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. poor concentration5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85.
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2C |
Diagnosis |
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Adjustment disorder,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20. personality disorder,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20. mood disorder,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20. psychotic disorder,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85.,5757. Långstrøm N, Grann M, Ruchkin V, Sjøstedt G, Fazel S. Risk factors for violent offending in autism spectrum disorder: a national study of hospitalized individuals. J Interpers Violence. 2009;24:1358-70. substance use/abuse,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.,5454. Dack C, Ross J, Papadopoulos C, Stewart D, Bowers L. A review and meta-analysis of the patient factors associated with psychiatric in-patient aggression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127:255-68.,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85.,5757. Långstrøm N, Grann M, Ruchkin V, Sjøstedt G, Fazel S. Risk factors for violent offending in autism spectrum disorder: a national study of hospitalized individuals. J Interpers Violence. 2009;24:1358-70. organic mental disorders,1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.
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2B |
Anxiety,1212. Grudnikoff E, Taneli T, Correll CU. Characteristics and disposition of youth referred from schools for emergency psychiatric evaluation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;24:731-43. autism5757. Långstrøm N, Grann M, Ruchkin V, Sjøstedt G, Fazel S. Risk factors for violent offending in autism spectrum disorder: a national study of hospitalized individuals. J Interpers Violence. 2009;24:1358-70.
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2C |
Patient attitudes |
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Does not comply with medication1111. Chaput Y, Beaulieu L, Paradis M, Labonte E. Aggressive behaviors in the psychiatric emergency service. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:13-20.
|
2B |
Signs of tension, angry facial expressions,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. labile mood,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. irritability,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. impulsivity,5555. Cornaggia CM, Beghi M, Pavone F, BaraleF. Aggression in psychiatry wards: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189:10-20.,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. hostility,5555. Cornaggia CM, Beghi M, Pavone F, BaraleF. Aggression in psychiatry wards: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189:10-20.,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. nonproductive, repetitious verbal activity,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. uncooperative or demanding behavior, resisting care,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. intimidating or intrusive behavior,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. restlessness, hand wringing, pulling clothes,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. increased volume of speech or vocal outbursts,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. prolonged eye contact,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. discontentment, refusal to communicate5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85.
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2C |
Aggressor and victim of the same gender5555. Cornaggia CM, Beghi M, Pavone F, BaraleF. Aggression in psychiatry wards: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189:10-20.
|
5 |
Staff attitudes |
|
Blocking escape routes,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. staff denial of a patient request or privilege,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. reinforcements of rules by staff/limit setting,5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85. demands by other patients and staff to cease an activity or to complete a task5656. Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran . Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17:170-85.
|
2C |