The latent structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form

Sperb, William; da Silva, Jandilson A.; Cogo-Moreira, Hugo; Lara, Diogo R.; de Carvalho, Hudson W.

doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0261

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Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Braz. J. Psychiatry 41 (6) • Nov-Dec 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0261 copy

The latent structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objective:

The current study aimed to examine the latent structure of a web-based, Brazilian Portuguese version of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF).

Method:

The sample consisted of 15,557 adult participants – 4,702 men and 10,855 women – with age ranging from 18 to 60 years. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the a priori conceptual 15-factor model presumed to underlie the YSQ-SF item set.

Results:

Most items displayed high levels of reliability (factor loadings greater than 0.7) and low liability to random measurement error (residual variances below 0.02), indicating that the a priori YSQ-SF factor structure is adequate.

Discussion:

These findings offer empirical evidence supporting YSQ-SF construct validity and, consequently, its application in adults.

Young Schema Questionnaire; schema therapy; construct validity; web survey; structural equation analysis

Schema domain	Schema	Definition
Disconnection and rejection	- Abandonment/instability - Mistrust/abuse - Emotional deprivation - Defectiveness/shame - Social isolation/alienation	Feelings of disappointment and frustration experienced in relation to the expectations of security, stability, affection, empathy, sharing of feelings, acceptance and analysis.
Impaired autonomy and performance	- Dependence/incompetence - Vulnerability to harm or illness - Enmeshment/undeveloped self - Failure	Disabling feelings resulting from a diminished sense of autonomy or confidence.
Impaired limits	- Entitlement/grandiosity - Insufficient self-control/self-discipline	Difficulty in respecting social norms and the rights of others. Failure to meet common goals and targets.
Other-directedness	- Subjugation - Self-sacrifice	Subservience and need for approval.
Overvigilance and inhibition	- Emotional inhibition - Unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness	Blocking spontaneity, self-expression, feelings and relaxation. Strict rules and expectations on performance and ethical behavior.

	Males (n=4,702)	Females (n=10,855)
Age (years), mean ± standard deviation	28.6±9.0	28.8±9.0
Race
Caucasian	67.4	68.4
Mixed	24.2	23.6
African	5.7	5.2
Asian	0.9	1.2
Other	1.8	1.6
Marital status
Single	65.2	57.7
Married	29.3	33.5
Divorced	4.7	7.3
Widowed	0.1	0.5
Religion
Catholic	31.2	32.8
Protestant	18.2	21.7
Spiritualist	8.0	13.5
Jewish	0.4	0.2
Other	7.2	7.0
No religion	35.0	24.8
Occupation
Student	29.1	29.4
Employed/autonomous	57.1	51.4
Retired	0.9	0.8
Unemployed	8.5	9.1
Other	4.4	9.3
Education
Elementary school	0.7	0.6
High school degree	20.3	19.6
University degree	21.0	24.1

Early maladaptive schemas/item	Factor loads	Standard errors
Emotional deprivation
1	0.87	0.004
2	0.87	0.005
3	0.90	0.005
4	0.94	0.004
5	0.78	0.004
Abandonment/instability
6	0.84	0.006
7	0.84	0.004
8	0.87	0.003
9	0.85	0.004
10	0.94	0.004
Mistrust/abuse
11	0.73	0.004
12	0.82	0.005
13	0.92	0.004
14	0.86	0.004
15	0.81	0.005
Social isolation/alienation
16	0.89	0.004
17	0.81	0.004
18	0.92	0.003
19	0.94	0.001
20	0.87	0.004
Defectiveness/shame
21	0.95	0.001
22	0.95	0.001
23	0.91	0.003
24	0.88	0.003
25	0.85	0.003
Failure
26	0.90	0.004
27	0.92	0.003
28	0.94	0.002
29	0.93	0.002
30	0.86	0.003
Dependence/incompetence
31	0.84	0.004
32	0.66	0.010
33	0.73	0.006
34	0.85	0.005
35	0.88	0.003
Vulnerability to harm or illness
36	0.97	0.004
37	0.85	0.005
38	0.44	0.009
39	0.64	0.009
40	0.60	0.009
Enmeshment/undeveloped self
41	0.79	0.007
42	0.32	0.015
43	0.39	0.018
44	0.66	0.007
45	0.82	0.005
Subjugation
46	0.80	0.008
47	0.87	0.005
48	0.62	0.006
49	0.80	0.005
50	0.76	0.004
Self-sacrifice
51	0.55	0.007
52	0.80	0.005
53	0.89	0.004
54	0.61	0.006
55	0.87	0.004
Emotional inhibition
56	0.88	0.005
57	0.91	0.004
58	0.90	0.003
59	0.81	0.005
60	0.73	0.005
Unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness
61	0.90	0.005
62	0.72	0.006
63	0.42	0.010
64	0.77	0.007
65	0.46	0.010
Entitlement/grandiosity
66	0.74	0.009
67	0.65	0.008
68	0.63	0.009
69	0.76	0.007
70	0.56	0.010
Insufficient self-control/self-discipline
71	0.77	0.004
72	0.88	0.004
73	0.61	0.008
74	0.67	0.007
75	0.82	0.005

Early maladaptive schemas	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)	(15)
Abandonment/instability (1)	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Emotional deprivation (2)	0.281	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Mistrust/abuse (3)	0.310	0.315	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Social isolation/alienation (4)	0.353	0.478	0.408	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Defectiveness/shame (5)	0.427	0.424	0.396	0.588	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Failure (6)	0.318	0.307	0.276	0.465	0.547	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Dependence/incompetence (7)	0.379	0.304	0.300	0.453	0.551	0.561	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Vulnerability to harm or illness (8)	0.410	0.296	0.414	0.435	0.486	0.406	0.456	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Enmeshment/undeveloped self (9)	0.299	0.139	0.254	0.331	0.374	0.364	0.419	0.394	1	-	-	-	-	-	-
Subjugation (10)	0.363	0.296	0.287	0.430	0.477	0.451	0.473	0.405	0.441	1	-	-	-	-	-
Self-sacrifice (11)	0.143	0.101	0.108	0.082	0.083	0.069	0.042	0.157	0.132	0.165	1		-	-	-
Emotional inhibition (12)	0.125	0.278	0.263	0.409	0.364	0.270	0.275	0.263	0.202	0.276	0.017	1		-	-
Unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness (13)	0.118	0.131	0.206	0.200	0.135	-0.027	0.016	0.242	0.131	0.092	0.132	0.189	1	-	-
Entitlement/grandiosity (14)	0.258	0.214	0.273	0.271	0.272	0.153	0.252	0.305	0.215	0.195	0.062	0.175	0.313	1	-
Insufficient self-control/self-discipline (15)	0.292	0.271	0.252	0.381	0.413	0.442	0.459	0.350	0.302	0.357	0.048	0.227	0.054	0.334	1

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[1] Correspondence: Hudson W. de Carvalho, Curso de Psicologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Av. Duque de Caxias, 250, CEP 96030-001, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. E-mail: hdsncarvalho@gmail.com