Kazemi et al.8080. Kazemi A, Noorbala AA, Azam K, Eskandari MH, Djafarian K. Effect of probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder:aA randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:522-8.
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Double-blind controlled clinical trial |
MDD probiotic group (n=38); 27 F/11 M; age 36.15±7.85 MDD prebiotic group (n=36); 27 F/9 M; age 37.35±7.97 MDD placebo group (n=36); 24 F/12 M; age 36±8.47 |
Probiotic: L. helveticus and B. longum (≥10 × 109 CFU) |
Probiotic supplementation resulted in lower BDI scores (17.39-9.1) than the prebiotic group (19.72-14.14) and the placebo group (18.18-15.55). |
Liu et al.8181. Liu YW, Liong MT, Chung YE, Huang HY, Peng WS, Cheng YF, et al. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 on children with autism spectrum disorder in Taiwan: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2019 Apr 11;11(4). pii: E820. doi: http://10.3390/nu11040820. http://10.3390/nu11040820...
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Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial |
ASD probiotic group (n=36); 36 M; age 10.11±2.34 ASD placebo group (n=35); 35 M; age 9.91±2.33 |
L. plantarum PS128 (3 × 1010 CFU) |
Probiotic treatment ameliorated opposition/defiance behaviors, and total SNAP-IV scores for younger children (aged 7 to 12) improved significantly compared with the placebo group. Several others elements were also improved in the probiotic group after 28 days of treatment. |
Reininghaus et al.8282. Reininghaus EZ, Wetzlmair LC, Fellendorf FT, Platzer M, Queissner R, Birner A, et al. Probiotic treatment in individuals with euthymic bipolar disorder: a pilot-study on clinical changes and compliance. Neuropsychobiology. 2020;79:71-9.
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Cohort study |
Euthymic BD probiotic group (n=27); 11 F/16 M; age 50.7±12.2 |
B. bifidum W23, B. lactis W51, B. lactis W52, L. acidophilus W22, L. casei W56, L. paracasei W20, L. plantarum W62, L. salivarius W24, and L. lactis W19 (7.5 billion organisms per 1 portion, 3 g) |
GI problems were prevalent in more than half of the patients upon inclusion. One-third of the patients reported positive changes (reduced flatulence and more comfortable and frequent bowel movements). Although the patients presented reduced cognitive reactivity to sad mood, significant symptom reduction was found in manic symptom scales. |
Severance et al.8383. Severance EG, Gressitt KL, Stallings CR, Katsafanas E, Schweinfurth LA, Savage CL, et al. Probiotic normalization of Candida albicans in schizophrenia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, longitudinal pilot study. Brain Behav Immun. 2017;62:41-5.
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Longitudinal, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled |
SCZ probiotic group (n=30); 8 F/22 M; age 44.66±11.4 SCZ placebo group (n=26); 11 F/15 M; age 48.11±9.6 |
Bifiform balance: L. rhamnosus strain GG (109 CFUs), B. animalis subspecies (109 CFUs) |
An association was found between C. albicans seropositivity and worse positive psychiatric symptoms. However, probiotics administration normalized C. albicans antibody levels. |
Tamtaji et al.8484. Tamtaji OR, Heidari-Soureshjani R, Mirhosseini N, Kouchaki E, Bahmani F, Aghadavod E, et al. Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation, and the effects on clinical, metabolic and genetic status in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:2569-75.
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Randomized, double-blind, and controlled clinical trial |
AD selenium probiotic group (n=27); age 78.5±8.0 AD selenium group (n=26); age 78.8±10.2 AD placebo group (n=26); age 76.2±8.1 |
L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, and B. longum (2 × 109 CFU/g) |
Twelve weeks of probiotic and selenium co-supplementation in AD patients improved cognitive function (reflected in increased MMSE scores) and had favorable results for specific inflammation and oxidative stress markers, such as high-sensitivity-CRP, TAC, and GSH, compared to selenium-only and placebo AD groups. |
Tamtaji et al.8585. Tamtaji OR, Taghizadeh M, Daneshvar Kakhaki R, Kouchaki E, Bahmani F, Borzabadi S, et al. Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in people with Parkinson's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:1031-5.
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Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial |
PD probiotic group (n=30); age 68.2±7.8 PD placebo group (n=30); age 67.7±10.2 |
L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, L. reuteri, and L. fermentum (each 2 x 109 CFU/g) |
Twelve weeks of probiotic treatment by PD patients had a beneficial impact on MDS-UPDRS scores. |
Tankou et al.8686. Tankou SK, Regev K, Healy BC, Cox LM, Tjon E, Kivisakk P, et al. Investigation of probiotics in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2018;24:58-63.
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Cohort study |
MS probiotic group (n=9); age 50±10 Healthy control group (n=13); age 35�14 |
L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, and L. delbruckeii subspecies bulgaricus, B. longum, B. infantis, and B. breve, Streptococcus thermophilus (3,600 billion CFU/g for each strain) |
Probiotic treatment was associated with an increased abundance of many taxa, especially Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium species. Probiotics also induced an anti-inflammatory peripheral immune response characterized by a decreased frequency of intermediate monocytes and decreased mean fluorescence intensity of CD80 in classical monocytes, as well as decreased human leukocyte HLA-DR MFI in dendritic cells. |