Obesity |
|
|
Prevalence |
48.7% (95%CI 46.2-51.2) |
- |
Measures of association |
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|
Affective disorders in obesity |
- |
Depression increased the odds of obesity at follow-up (OR 1.58; 95%CI 1.33-1.87) |
Obesity in affective disorders |
- |
Obesity increased the odds of subsequent depression (OR 1.55; 95%CI 1.22-1.98) |
Pathophysiology |
Dysregulation of the HPA axis |
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|
Increased cortisol levels |
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|
Decreased leptin levels |
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|
Increased ghrelin levels |
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|
Decreased adiponectin levels |
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|
Induction of inflammatory cytokines |
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|
Dopaminergic dysregulation |
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|
Gut microbe dysbiosis |
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Lifestyle |
Increased use of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances |
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|
Poor treatment compliance |
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Physical inactivity |
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|
Reduced physical activity |
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|
Poor diet |
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|
Less access to medical care |
|
Treatment |
Common BD treatments related to obesity: |
Common MDD treatments related to obesity: |
|
First and second-generation antipsychotics |
Tricyclic antidepressants |
|
|
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
|
Mood stabilizers |
Mirtazapine |
|
Lithium |
Paroxetine |
|
Valproic acid |
|
Clinical factors |
Depressive episodes |
Atypical depression |
|
Sleep disturbances |
Sleep disturbances |
|
Hypersomnia |
Binge eating |
|
Binge eating |
|
MetS |
|
|
Prevalence |
37.3% (95%CI 36.1-39.0) |
30.5% (95%CI 26.3-35.1) |
Measures of association |
|
|
Affective disorders in MetS |
BD increased the odds of MetS (OR 1.98; 95%CI 1.74-2.25) |
MDD increased the odds of MetS (OR 1.54; 95%CI 1.21-1.97) |
MetS in affective disorders |
- |
- |
Pathophysiology |
Genetic susceptibilities |
|
|
Dysregulation of the HPA axis |
|
|
Increased cortisol levels |
|
|
Decreased leptin levels |
|
|
Increased ghrelin levels |
|
|
Decreased adiponectin levels |
|
|
Induction of inflammatory cytokines |
|
|
Dopaminergic dysregulation |
|
|
Gut microbe dysbiosis |
|
|
Vascular endothelial dysfunction |
|
Lifestyle |
Increased use of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances |
|
|
Poor treatment compliance |
|
|
Physical inactivity |
|
|
Reduced physical activity |
|
|
Poor diet |
|
|
Less access to medical care |
|
Treatment |
Common BD treatments related to MetS: |
Common MDD treatments related to Mets: |
|
First and second-generation antipsychotics |
Tricyclic antidepressants |
|
Mood stabilizers |
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
|
Lithium |
Mirtazapine |
|
Valproic acid |
Paroxetine |
Clinical factors |
Depressive episodes |
Atypical depression |
|
Sleep disturbances |
Sleep disturbances |
|
Binge eating |
Binge eating |
CVD |
|
|
Prevalence |
- |
- |
Measures of association |
|
|
Affective disorders in MetS |
BD increased risk for mortality due to heart attacks with (OR 1.73; 95%CI 1.54-1.94) |
MDD increased risk for mortality due to heart attacks (RR 1.30; 95%CI 1.18-1.44) |
MetS in affective disorders |
- |
- |
Pathophysiology |
Genetic susceptibilities |
|
|
Dysregulation of the HPA axis |
|
|
Increased cortisol levels |
|
|
Induction of inflammatory cytokines |
|
|
Gut microbe dysbiosis |
|
|
Vascular endothelial dysfunction |
|
Lifestyle |
Increased use of tobacco, alcohol and other substances |
|
|
Poor treatment compliance |
|
|
Physical inactivity |
|
|
Reduced physical activity |
|
|
Poor diet |
|
|
Reduced access to medical care |
|
Treatment |
Common BD treatments related to MetS: |
Common MDD treatments related to Mets: |
|
First and second-generation antipsychotics |
Tricyclic antidepressants |
|
|
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
|
Mood stabilizers |
|
|
Lithium |
|
|
Valproic acid |
|
Clinical factors |
Sleep disturbances |
|
|
Higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors as metabolic disturbances or hypertension |
|