Ovariectomized female rats |
Uterine horns and cervix |
-DS, HS and HA in both tissues; -Use of estrogen associated to DS increase; -Treatment with progestagen: reduction of HS in the horns and increase of HS in the cervix; -Use of estrogen + progesterone: increase of sulfated GAGs. |
-Modulated by sexual hormones;
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Kofoed et al. (1972, 1977); Simões et al. (2012). |
Female rats |
Uterine horns |
HA: increase when the implantation of the embryo occurs. Other GAGs remain constant during the first five days of pregnancy. |
HA: biosynthesis followed by decidual response in the endometrium and may enhance the implantation of the embryo. |
Carson et al. (1987) |
Female rats |
Cervix |
- GAGs: DS, HS and HA; - Greater amount of GAGs in the estrus phase; - DS predominant in estrus and HS in the proestrus. |
Hormonal variation related to the estrus may affect the uterine cervix through the effect in the production of sulfate heparan and sulfate dermatan. |
Cubas et al. (2010) |
Female mices |
Cervix (pregnancy) |
Relaxin (-/-) mice: lower Has2 and Aquaporin3 expression on day 18.5 of pregnancy and decreased cervical HA compared with wild-type Relaxin (+/+). Relaxin (-/-) mice treated with relaxin: Chronic infusion of relaxin for 4 or 6 days reversed these phenotypes and increased Has2 and Aquaporin3.
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Relaxin alters aquaporin expression in the cervix and initiates changes in GAGs composition through increased HA synthesis. These actions of relaxin collectively promote water recruitment into the extracellular matrix to loosen the dense collagen fiber network. |
Soh et al. (2012) |
Female albino rats |
Cervix (pregnancy) |
Intracervical infusion of hyaluronidase: a significant reduction of CS/DS and HS. Reduction in HA staining in the lamina propria and the area surrounding the blood vessels. |
Intracervical hyaluronidase infusion promoted a significant reduction in the concentration of sulfated GAGs. |
Souza et al. (2014) |
Female rats and women |
Cervix (pregnancy at term) |
HA: biosynthesis increase close to birth, with peak on day of birth. |
Increase due to RNAm HAS2 transcription close to birth, suggesting HÁ regulation in the cervix. |
Straach et al. (2005) |
Female rabbit |
Uterus |
Predominance of HS, followed by DS, HA and CS. |
Difference in GAGs composition between the uterine layers suggest that the later have different roles in reproduction. |
Endo and Yosizawa (1975) |
Myometrium from ovariectomized females |
CS: predominant followed by DS, HS and HA and a small amount of glycoprotein acids.
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Endo et al. (1978)
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Female rabbit |
Uterus treated with estrogen |
Main GAGs: CS, HS and DS |
Treatment with estrogen increases the synthesis of sulfated GAGs in the uterus, resulting from the proliferation of the later due to hormone activity. |
Munakata et al. (1984) |
Women |
Endometrium
Cervix (pregnancy) |
Predominance of CS. DS and HS in smaller amounts.
The collagen and sulfated gags were elevated in tissue. |
During the menstrual cycle, GAGs would be involved in the growth and remodeling of the endometrium. |
Nasciutti et al. (2006)
Myers et al. (2008) |