Figure 1
Relative expression of genes related to peptidoglycan biosynthesis, (A) stage I and (B) stage II and III, in Streptococcus mutans UA159 following treatment with betulinic acid (BA), oleanolic acid (OA), or ursolic acid (UA). glmU, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase; murA, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase; murB, UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase; murC, UDP-N-acetyl muramate-alanine ligase; murC2, UDP-N-acetylmuramyl tripeptide synthetase; murD, UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate synthetase; murE, UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate-L-lysine ligase; alr, alanine racemase; ddI, D-alanine-D-alanine ligase; murI, glutamate racemase; murF, UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-tripeptide—D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase; bacA, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase; mraY, phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase; murG, undecaprenyldiphospho-muramoylpentapeptide beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase; murM, UDP-N-acetylmuramoylpentapeptide-lysine N6-alanyltransferase; murN, alanine adding enzyme; pbp1a, penicillin binding protein 1a; pbp1b, penicillin binding protein 1b; pbp2a, penicillin binding protein 2a; pbp2b, penicillin binding protein 2b; pbp2x, penicillin binding protein 2x, dacA, serine-type D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase (DD-transpeptidase, DacA). *p ≤ 0.05, significantly downregulated or upregulated compared with the control group.