SOCCER CLEATS WITH BLADE-SHAPED STUDS AND MECHANICAL OVERLOAD IN SOCCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Cardoso, Carlos Alberto; Claudino, João Gustavo; Lima, Wilson Pereira; Amadio, Alberto Carlos; Serrão, Júlio Cerca

doi:10.1590/1517-869220192503189675

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Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte

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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ARTICLE, BIOMECHANICS • Rev Bras Med Esporte 25 (3) • May-Jun 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220192503189675 copy

SOCCER CLEATS WITH BLADE-SHAPED STUDS AND MECHANICAL OVERLOAD IN SOCCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

CHUTEIRA COM TRAVAS EM FORMA DE LÂMINA E SOBRECARGA MECÂNICA NO FUTEBOL: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

BOTINES DE FÚTBOL CON TOPEROLES EN FORMA DE LÁMINA Y SOBRECARGA MECÁNICA EN EL FÚTBOL: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Soccer cleats with blade-shaped studs promote greater traction on the pitch and can be beneficial for soccer performance. On the other hand, movements with rapid changes of direction, associated with the high traction of soccer cleats, can increase overload and risk of injuries. Given the lack of consensus on the effects of these cleats on mechanical overload during specific soccer movements, the aim of this systematic review was to determine the effects of wearing cleats with bladed studs on mechanical overload in soccer. A search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases between October and November 2017. Non-original articles were excluded, as were those not related to soccer or cleats, and those not written in English. Eight articles were included that tested the effects of bladed studs on overload and that used biomechanical tests. The tasks evaluated were: running in a straight line or with changes of direction, and landing of jumps. The resulting joint torque, soil reaction force, electromyography, and plantar pressure were measured. There was no influence of bladed shaped studs on joint torque or on ground reaction force. There was an increase in plantar pressure on the lateral part of the foot in bladed studs compared to Society cleats and running shoes. When compared with round studs, the results were inconclusive for plantar pressure. Round studs, caused greater electromyographic activity in the quadriceps muscles than bladed studs. It was concluded that wearing bladed-stud cleats does not result in greater mechanical overload during running or landing of jumps. Evidence Level I, Systematic Review.

Soccer; Wounds and injuries; Mechanics

Author	Methods	Instruments and shoes	Dependent Variable	Results of dependent variables
Bentley et al.³²	Task: Straight-line run	Pressure insoles	Pressure peaks; Integral of pressure by time.	The boots with round-shaped studs presented higher pressure peaks than the boots with blade-shaped studs in areas with normal stepping pattern. On the other hand, the boots with blade-shaped studs presented greater pressure overloads on the side of the midfoot and forefoot.
Bentley et al.³²	Task: Straight-line run	One boot with blade-shaped studs and one boot with round-shaped studs	Pressure peaks; Integral of pressure by time.
Butler et al.³¹	Task: Jumping and head a ball	Force platform; kinematic evaluation system	The variables were analyzed during landing conditions. Ground reaction force (vertical axis); peak of knee flexion; flexor-extensor knee torque; peak flexor-extensor hip torque; flexor-extensor ankle torque; peak ankle dorsiflexion.	Men: Greater dorsiflexion using boots with blade-shaped studs compared with other footwear. Women: smaller knee flexion with boots with blade-shaped studs. No significant influence of blade-shaped stud on knee and hip resulting joint torques. The bladed-shaped studs increased flexion-extension torque at the ankle compared to running shoes
Butler et al.³¹	Task: Jumping and head a ball	Running shoes, artificial lawn shoes, boots with blade-shaped studs
DeBiaso et al.³³	Task: Jumping and heading a ball.	Pressure insoles	Maximum force, contact area, peak pressure, contact time and force-time integral.	The boots presented greater maximum force compared with running shoes. Boots with blade-shaped studs presented a smaller area of contact than the other shoes. There were also higher force-time integral values for the boot with blade-shaped studs compared with turf shoes, especially in the lateral region of the forefoot.
DeBiaso et al.³³	Task: Jumping and heading a ball.	Running shoes, artificial lawn shoes, boots with blade-shaped studs
Gehring et al.²⁹	Task: running with change of direction (180º)	Force platform; Electromyograph; kinematic evaluation system	Ground reaction force (vertical, antero-posterior and mid-lateral); flexor-extensor knee torque; Peak electromyographic activity (quadriceps and hamstrings);	No significant differences were found for the three ground reaction force axes and for the flexor-extensor knee torque as a function of the boot worn. Round-shaped studs caused greater electromyographic activity of the quadriceps than blade-shaped studs.
Gehring et al.²⁹	Task: running with change of direction (180º)	Boots with blade-shaped studs; boots with round-shaped studs.
Kaila³⁰	Task: Straight-line run and runs with fast changes of direction (30º and 60º)	Force platform; kinematic evaluation system	Knee flexion angle; Flexor-extensor knee torque; Adductor-abductor knee torque; Internal-external knee rotator torque.	No significant differences were found for each of the variables evaluated according to the type of boot worn.
Kaila³⁰		Two models of boots with blade-shaped studs; 2 boot models with round-shaped studs
McGhie and Ettema³⁴	Task: Run with change of direction (90º) and run with fast deceleration	Force platform, photocells	Peak impact on ground reaction force, ground contact time, linear velocity.	Run with change of direction: Smaller linear velocity on the blade-shaped studs, higher impact peak with boots with round-shaped studs, with no differences in the contact time between the boots. Run with deceleration: No differences in linear velocity and impact peak between the boots, greater contact time on turf shoes, followed by round-shaped studs and blade-shaped studs.
McGhie and Ettema³⁴		Boots for artificial lawn, boots with round-shaped studs, boots with blade-shaped studs.
Queen et al.²⁸	Task: Straight-line run and run with change of direction (180º)	Pressure insoles	Contact time; contact area; Pressure peak; Force-time integral of the forefoot regions; maximum vertical force.	Higher force-time integral value on the side of the forefoot for boots with blade-shaped studs compared with turf shoes. No differences between boots with blade-shaped studs and boots with round-shaped studs for the variables analyzed.
Queen et al.²⁸		Boots with blade-shaped studs; boots with high round-shaped studs, boots with low round-shaped studs and boots for artificial lawns.
Stefanyshyn et al.²⁷	Task: Run with change of direction (45º) and (180º)	Force platform; kinematic evaluation system	Ankle: flexor-extensor torque, internal-external rotator torque and adductor-abductor torque. Knee: flexor-extensor torque, adductor-abductor torque, internal-external rotator torque	Change of direction (45º): There was no influence of the footwear on each of the resulting torques in both the knee and the ankle. Change of direction (180º): greater internal-external knee and ankle rotator torque for the three boots compared with running shoes. No differences between the boots for the evaluated torques.
Stefanyshyn et al.²⁷	Task: Run with change of direction (45º) and (180º)	Running shoes, boots with 12 round-shaped studs, boots with 6 round-shaped studs and boots with blade-shaped studs.

Quality criteria items	Bentley et al³²	Bentley et al³¹	DeBiaso et al³³	Gehring et al²⁹	Kaila et al³⁰	MgGhie and Ettema³⁴	Queen et al²⁸	Stefanyshyn et al²⁷
1. Clear objective	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
2. Clear description of key variables	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
3. Clear description of volunteers’ characteristics	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
4. Clear description of the intervention	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
6. Clear description of key findings	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
7. Description of random variability estimates	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
11. Selected volunteers are representative of the entire population	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
12. Volunteers included are representative of the entire population	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
16. Planned analysis of subgroups	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
18. Adequate statistical analysis.	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
20. Accurate measurement of variables	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
25. Adjustment for confounding factors	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0
Finding (Up to 12)	10	11	9	9	9	10	10	9
quality %	83	92	75	75	75	83	83	75

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[1] Correspondence: Carlos Alberto Cardoso Filho.. Av. Professor Mello Moraes, 65, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 05508-030. carlos.filho@usp.br