WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION TRAINING PROTOCOLS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Melo, Fábio Antônio Tenório de; Melo, Gislane Ferreira de; Albuquerque, Severino Leão de; Silva, Rogério Wagner da; França, Nanci Maria de; Silva, Amanda Alves da; Ferreira, Carlos Ernesto Santos

doi:10.1590/1517-869220192506211005

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Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte

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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ARTICLE, MEDICAL CLINIC • Rev Bras Med Esporte 25 (6) • Nov-Dec 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220192506211005 copy

WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION TRAINING PROTOCOLS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

PROTOCOLOS DE TREINAMENTO DE VIBRAÇÃO DE CORPO INTEIRO EM OBESOS: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

PROTOCOLOS DE ENTRENAMIENTO DE VIBRACIÓN DE CUERPO ENTERO EN OBESOS: UNA REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Obesity is a chronic degenerative disease. Whole-body vibration (WBV) devices make it possible to control the intensity of exercises through their variables: frequency, amplitude and vibration time, thus enabling interventions in these populations. The objective of this study was to review the applications, protocols and results of WBV devices in obese individuals. A systematic literature review was conducted using the descriptors and terms verified in DeCS (LILACS and SCIELO) and MeSH (PubMED). Of the thirteen studies selected, seven used an experimental and six a quasi-experimental methodological design. Eleven studies analyzed chronic responses and two studies acute responses to WBV training. Frequency values ranged between 30 and 35 Hz, amplitude was around 2 mm, and in terms of intensity, most of the training protocols used a gradual increase in WBV throughout the intervention. Eight studies added dynamic exercises and extra loads to the WBV. The mean total WBV exposure time varied around 20’ distributed in 1 or 2 series, with vibration times of 30” to 60” and the same rest time. The mean frequency of interventions was around 2 to 3 times a week, with a mean intervention time of 10 months. The main results include: decrease in body weight and improvement in the physiological variables of oxygen absorption, bone mineral density and arterial profile, indicating that WBV can be a safe tool in the fight against obesity and its implications. Level of Evidence II. Systematic Review of Level II Studies.

Vibration of whole body; Vibratory platform; Obesity

Authors/Year	Objectives	Sample	Instruments	Results	Conclusion
Vissers, D.; Baeyens, J.P.; Truijen, S.; et al.⁴⁰	Compare O2 consumption in overweight women	20 women ≥ 30 kg/m^2. ± 37 years	BMI, Skinfold (4-fold), VO2 and VCO2, FC (portable gas analyzer), BORG scale	CO₂, relative absorption of O₂, and HR were ↑ on vibration	↑ O2 absorption with WBV. The physiological pathways behind these results are still uncertain.
Vissers. D.; Na, V.; Ilse, M.; et al.⁴¹	WBV and jogging	N = 61 overweight and obese.	BMI, WC, Co. Cpor bio impedance, tomography, P.A; lipids and glucose, insulin, resting ECG, spirometry,	Body weight ↓ in the 3 groups. VAT > in the vibration group. Vibration group lost + 10% of the PC.	Both exercises combined with a low-calorie diet, ↓ 5-10% of CP in the first 6 months and are sustained for another 6 months.
Song et al.⁴²	Examine Effects of WBV on Weight Change, Waist Circumference (WC)	n=15 Obese Menopausal Women ≤ 50 years , BMI ≥25	Weight, WC, BMI, PA., Bio impedance	No different vibrations were applied. There was no control over diet and exercise at 8 weeks.	Produced small reductions in the CP, central obesity; ↓ MM
Miyake, A.; Maeda, S.; Choi, Y.; et al.⁴³	WBV + diet and EA	N = 12 overweight and obese women ± 42 years old, BMI: 32	PWV, P.A, Plasma Concentration, Blood Analysis, Maximum O2 Capitation, C.C (Dexa).	↓: Weight, BMI, WC,% M. G; M.C. M. and ↑ VO2. Total cholesterol, triglycerides ↓ 12 weeks.	↓ R.A without reducing the % M.M.C. ↑ PTX3 concentrations. Failed to confirm WBV actions alone
Wilms, B.; Frick, J.; Ernst, B.; et al.⁴⁴	Effects of WBV Added to TF	N = 14 obese women BMI: 37.4 ± 1.3; Age: 43.1 ± 3.5 years	BC, WC, Phase angle, Resting energy expenditure	There was no change in P.C. ↓WC. Improvement in the WBV group in relation to phase angle. ↓ of MS in both groups.	Group with exercise and WBV improved the phase angle. There was no ↓ from Co. C, RES in the VCI group. There was no consensus on what frequency, amplitude and duration to use.
Figueroa, A.; Gil, R.; Wong, A.; et al.⁴⁵	WBV in arterial function, autonomic and strength	N = 10 women (18-35 years), BMI > 25 kg / m²	PWV, P.A, (ECG),1RM	↓ systemic arterial stiffness, hemodynamic part, HR variability and muscle strength. Acute changes in P.A., PWV and PWR.	6 weeks of vibration training were effective to ↓ PWR, magnitude and autonomic regulation.
Giunta, M.; Cardinale, M.; Agosti, F.; et al.⁴⁶	WBV in GH responses	N = 7 obese women, 18 and 30 years of age. 35–44 kg/m², BMI	Blood (5 ml), taken before and immediately after.	WBV alone and WBV + external load caused ↑ at GH levels. ↑ on lactate levels.	Vibration alone stimulates GH release and severe lactate production.
Milanese, C.; Piscitelli, F.; Zenti, M.G, et al.⁴⁷	WBV in Anthropometry, C.C. and strength	N = 50 women Age: 46.6 ± 7.8, BMI: 35.1 ±3.55	Weight, WC, SF, LBM and FM and DMO (DEXA), FM (1RM)	↓BMI, Skin folds, BC, WC, positive effects on BMD. 10 weeks of training	WBV represents a useful addition to exercise habits for the obese audience. Changes in BC and FM.
Bellia, et al.⁴⁸	WBV + diet on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance.	N = 29 women, BMI > aged from 40 ± 42 years	PA, Weight, WV, IPAQ, BC, GCT, % G. and DMO (DEXA).	WBV + diet ↑ insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation. ↓ TBF> at WBV. Adiponectin ↑ in the WBV group.	WBV + low-calorie diet may improve metabolic characteristics and WC.
Zaki⁴⁹	WBV and RT, in obese individuals	n = 80 women. 50 to 68 years of age. BMI: 30-36Kg/m².	DEXA, BMI, WC.	Improvements in BMD for both WBV and T.R.	BMI and WHR ↓ in both groups as well as in BMD.
Oh, et al.⁵⁰ They train. acceleration	WBV and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in physical, hepatic, and metabolic functions.	N = 18 participants: 4 men 14 women	VO2 and VCO2 and Respiratory Exchange, PC and BC., Blood analysis, Liver Stiffness, Fat in liver and muscles, Muscle Strength and QOL (SF-36).	Did not show ↑ RES after 12 weeks. ↓ PC, BMI, MG, and visceral fat area. No change actions in MCM. ↑ strength, ↑ inflammatory proteins and QOL.	WBV ↑ physical function by repairing hepatic steatosis levels.
Nam, S.; Sunoo, S.; Park, H.; Moon, H.⁵¹	Diet + WBV, with diet alone combined with EA in BC and obese BMD.	N = 45 women agreed from 30 to 55 years. BMI > 30Kg/m².	BMI, SF, PC, LBM, FM, DMO.	PC and FM ↓ in the 3 groups. Skin folds, WC. and WHR, without differences between groups. ↑ DMO	WBV + calorie restricted diet is as effective as combining diet and aerobic exercise.
Alvarez-Alvarado et al.⁵²	WBV in arterial function and FM.	N = 42 women aged from 18 to 25 years. BMI: 27–40 kg/m².	BMI, WC, body composition (DEXA), RA. P.A, 1RM (Leg Press)	M.I. strength ↑ VCI. There were no significant changes in brachial P.A in either group.	After 6 weeks, the WBV dynamic group ↓ RAS and aortic, PA and RO, ↑ M.I. strength

Authors	Frequ.	Amplit.	Intens.	Time	Series	Types of Exercises	T. Total	Times per week	Results
vissers et al.⁴⁰	35 Hz	4 mm	High	3’ 10 ‘Rest between exercises	1x	3 ex. WBV 3 ex. s/ WBV Dyn.	3’ acute	1x	↑ O₂ absorption due to WBV addition
Vissers et al.⁴¹	30-35-40 Hz ↑	Not informed	Low / High ↑	30-45-60” ↑ Rest: = Exercise	1x	1.2, 3rd month: Est. 4th,5th,6th month: Dyn.	3 months: 11.9 4th, 5th, and 6th month: 14.2’ 6 months	1x	The 2 exercises + one diet, ↓ 5%–10% of CP in the first six months and remained for six more. WBV ↓ to C.C. and visceral fat.
Song et al^.42	20 Hz	2 mm	Low	10’	1x	Est.	10’ 8 weeks	2x	small ↓ in CP and central obesity; ↓MM
Miyake et al.⁴³	1st month: 30 Hz 2nd month: 35 Hz 3rd month: 35 Hz ↑	2 mm	Not informed	30’ 30” Exercise Rest	1x	1st month: Est. 2nd month: Est. 3rd month: Dyn.	30’ 12 weeks	3x	↓ arterial stiffness without ↓ MM. ↑ the concentrations of PTX3 resulting in a cardioprotective effect and ↓ PC
Wilms et al.⁴⁴	30Hz	2 mm	Not informed	15-30’ ↑ 30 ”rest between exercises	1x	Aerobic + WBV Est.	30’ 6 weeks	3x	Exercise + WBV improved the phase angle. There was no ↓ from Co. C and GEO with WBV. There was no consensus on what frequency, amplitude, and duration to use.
Figueroa et al.⁴⁵	25-30Hz ↑	1–2 mm	Not informed	30-60” ↑ 60”-30” ↓	1x	Dyn. Est. Lower members	10’ 4 weeks later + 4 weeks	3x	6 weeks of WBV ↓ ROP, magnitude and autonomic regulation. Indicators of arterial stiffness were ↓ with the intervention. WBV promoted acute changes in P.A., VOP.
Giunta et al.⁴⁶	30 Hz	Acceler. 2.85 g	Not informed	Est. 10x72”- 50” desc. Dyn. 10x 50 ”rest	Group 1 and 2: 10x	Est. Dyn + External load	19’30” acute	1x	Vibration stimulates GH and lactate production without additive effects when combined with exercise with loads.
Milanese et al.⁴⁷	40–60 Hz	2–5 mm	Not informed	14’ 5 ’rest	1x	WBV alone WBV + RF Est :30–60”	19’ 10 weeks	2x	WBV + RF by did not present positive results. WBV improved WC, MS and BMD.
Bellia et al.⁴⁸	30 Hz	2 mm	Not informed	1’ WBV with 1 ’rest	1x	Est.	20’ 8 weeks	3x (8 wks.)	↓ WC in WBV, insulin resistance and some metabolic characteristics.
Zaki49	16 Hz	Not informed	Not informed	1’ WBV 1’rest	Evolved from 3 to 10 series	1 Group WBV 1 Group ST Est. ↑	19’ 8 weeks	3x	↓ BMI, WHR and BMD ↓ in both groups.
Ohet al. ⁵⁰	1–30 Hz 2-30-35 Hz 3–40 Hz	Not informed	1-Low 2-Low 3-High	1- 2x30” 2-2x30” 3-2x1’ 30 ”rest	1-2x 2-2x 3-2x	1-WBV + Along. 2- WBV + Ex MS and MI 3-WBV + Relax. Dyn.	40’ 12 weeks	2x	↓ GC, PC, visceral fat, did not change MM. ↑ strength, ↓ liver fat levels, ↑ liver functions and physical and mental parameters.
Nam et al.⁵¹	16 to 34 Hz ↑	6.8 mm	Not informed	11’	3x	Est. and Dyn.	33’ 9 months	5x	↓ SF, WC and WHR, BMD ↑ pre and post only in the WBV group
Alvarez-Alvarado et al.⁵²	30–35 Hz	Not informed	Low to High	30-1’ 45-1’desc.	2-8x	Dyn.	11-30’ 6 weeks	3x (6 wks.)	WBV dynamically improved the systemic and aortic arterial stiffness of the thigh, PA, and ROP as well as the strength of M.I.

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[1] Correspondence: Fábio Antônio Tenório de Melo. Department of Physical Education, Escola da Saúde e Medicina, Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB/DF), QS 7 Área Lote 1, EPCT, Águas Claras, Brasília, DF, Brazil. 71.966.700. ftenorio@ucb.br