Variables | N | % |
Age (years) | ||
≤ 19 | 82 | 12.9 |
20 to 34 | 456 | 71.5 |
≥ 35 | 100 | 15.6 |
Schooling (complete years of study) | ||
≤ 8 | 109 | 17.1 |
9 to 11 | 407 | 63.8 |
≥ 12 | 122 | 19.1 |
Skin color (self-reported) | ||
White | 396 | 62.1 |
Non-white | 242 | 37.9 |
Parity | ||
Primiparous | 313 | 49.1 |
Multiparous | 325 | 50.9 |
Paid work outside home | ||
Yes | 365 | 56.9 |
No | 276 | 43.1 |
Mother lives with a partner | ||
Yes | 560 | 87.8 |
No | 78 | 12.2 |
Type of childbirth | ||
Vaginal birth | 304 | 47.6 |
Cesarean section | 334 | 52.4 |
Pre-gestational nutritional status | ||
Normal | 279 | 47.3 |
Low weight | 23 | 3.9 |
Overweight | 168 | 28.5 |
Obesity | 120 | 20.3 |
Adequacy of gestational weight gain according to IOM (2009) | ||
Adequate | 202 | 36.0 |
Insufficient | 113 | 20,1 |
Excessive | 246 | 43.9 |
Planned pregnancy | ||
Yes | 304 | 47.6 |
No | 334 | 52.4 |
Situation of the infant at birth | ||
Born at term | 587 | 94.1 |
Preterm | 51 | 5.7 |
Birth weight | ||
Adequate (≥2500 g) | 595 | 93.8 |
Low weight (<2500 g) | 39 | 6.2 |
Regular physical exercises at 6 months postpartum | ||
Yes | 78.9 | 12.3 |
No | 562.1 | 87.7 |
Regular physical exercises at 12 months postpartum | ||
Yes | 56.2 | 8.6 |
No | 584.8 | 91.4 |
Variables | X̅ ± SD | |
Maternal height (meters) | 1.62 ± 0.07 | |
Maternal healthy food score (0-3) | ||
At 6 months postpartum | 1.77 ± 0.67 | |
At 12 months postpartum | 0.59 ± 0.37 | |
Maternal unhealthy food score (0-3) | ||
At 6 months postpartum | 1.22 ± 0.56 | |
At 12 months postpartum | 1.17 ± 0.61 |
Type of breastfeeding/age | Weight retention at 6 months postpartum |
Weight retention at 9 months postpartum |
Weight retention at 12 months postpartum |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X̅ ± SD | CI95% | p | X̅ ± SD | CI95% | p | X̅ ± SD | CI95% | p | |
BF 3m | 0.116 | 1.73 ± 5.95 | 1.16-2.30 | 0.726 | 1.49 ± 6.41 | 0.88-2.09 | 0.221 | ||
Yes | 1.60 ± 5.56 | 1.06-2.14 | 1.92 ± 5.80 | 0.57-3.27 | 2.43 ± 7.90 | 0.55-4.31 | |||
No | 2.79 ± 5.24 | 1.50-4.08 | |||||||
BF 6m | 0.036 | 0.667 | 0.278 | ||||||
Yes | 1.39 ± 5.60 | 0.78-2.00 | 1.63 ± 6.00 | 0.98-2.27 | 1.41 ± 6.30 | 0.73-2.08 | |||
No | 2.55 ± 5.30 | 1.70-3.40 | 1.96 ± 5.54 | 1.09-2.82 | 2.06 ± 7.28 | 0.93-3.18 | |||
BF 9m | 0.972 | 0.255 | |||||||
Yes | - | - | 1.41 ± 6.00 | 0.66-2.16 | 1.33 ± 6.39 | 0.55-2.12 | |||
No | - | - | 2.09 ± 5.83 | 1.36-2.81 | 2.01 ± 7.02 | 1.14-2.89 | |||
BF 12m | 0.164 | ||||||||
Yes | - | - | - | - | 1.14 ± 6.42 | 0.25-2.04 | |||
No | - | - | - | - | 1.93 ± 6.76 | 1.16-2.7 | |||
EBF 3m | 0.004 | 0.668 | 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 0.97 ± 5.41 | 0.26-1.68 | 1.05 ± 5.88 | 0.30-1.80 | 0.52 ± 5.86 | -0.22-1.27 | |||
No | 2.49 ± 5.54 | 1.79-3.18 | 2.33 ± 5.89 | 1.61-3.06 | 2.61 ± 7.13 | 1.74-3.48 | |||
EBF 6m | 0.541 | 0.990 | 0.503 | ||||||
Yes | 0.85 ± 5.65 | -2.57-4.26 | 0.95 ± 5.36 | -2.01-3.92 | 0.52 ± 5.86 | -2.72-3.76 | |||
No | 1.79 ± 5.53 | 1.29-2.30 | 1.76 ± 5.87 | 1.23-2.29 | 1.65 ± 6.66 | 1.05-2.24 |
Variables | Weight retention at 6 months postpartum |
Weight retention at 12 months postpartum |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | CI95% | p | β | CI95% | p | |
EBF Duration (days) | -0.012 | -0.020; -0.003 | 0.007 | -0.016 | -0.026; -0.006 | 0.001 |
BF Duration (days) | -0.006 | -0.012; 0.001 | 0.079 | -0.001 | -0.009; 0.007 | 0.791 |
Mother's age (years) | 0.159 | -0.479; 0.796 | 0.625 | -0.162 | -0.921; 0.596 | 0.674 |
Maternal schooling (completed years) | -0.355 | -1.174; 0.465 | 0.396 | -0.239 | -1.218; 0.739 | 0.631 |
Paid work outside home (yes, no) | -0.265 | -1.263; 0.734 | 0.603 | -1.046 | -2.231; 0.139 | 0.083 |
Planned pregnancy (yes, no) | 0.813 | -0.171; 1.798 | 0.105 | 1.214 | 0.046; 2.382 | 0.042 |
Lives with a partner (yes, no) | -0.512 | -1.961; 0.936 | -0.487 | 1.182 | -0.591; 2.955 | 0.191 |
Healthy food score (0-3) | -0.236 | -1.015; 0.543 | 0.552 | -0.925 | -2.546; 0.696 | 0.263 |
Adequacy of gestational weight gain | ||||||
(adequate, insufficient, excessive) | 1.126 | 0.557; 1.696 | 0.000 | 0.892 | 0.219; 1.565 | 0.009 |
Classification of pre-gestational BMI | ||||||
(normal weight, underweight, overweight, obese) | -0.929 | -1.328; -0.531 | 0.000 | -0.615 | -1.086; -0.144 | 0.011 |
Regular physical exercises at six months | ||||||
postpartum (yes, no) | -0.809 | -2.318; 0.701 | 0.293 | 1.017 | -1.042; 3.076 | 0.332 |
Type of childbirth (vaginal or cesarean) | 0.093 | -0.895; 1.080 | 0.854 | -1.077 | -2.246; 0.092 | 0.071 |
Parity (primiparous or multiparous) | -0.850 | -1.836; 0.135 | 0.091 | -0.056 | -1.228; 1.116 | 0.925 |
Skin color (white/non-white) | -0.386 | -1.415; 0.642 | 0.461 | 0.252 | -0.958; 1.463 | 0.682 |
Type of breastfeeding | Weight retention at 6 months postpartum |
Weight retention at 12 months postpartum |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | CI95% | p | β | CI95% | p | |
EBF (days) | 0.011* * Adjusted for the following covariates: parity, adequacy of gestational weight gain, BMI/pre-gestational classification and planned pregnancy; | -0.019; -0.003 | 0.01 | 0.016** ** Adjusted for the following covariates: maternal work status, adequacy of gestational weight gain, BMI/pre-gestational classification, planned pregnancy and type of childbirth. | -0.026; -0.007 | 0.001 |
BF (days) | 0.012* * Adjusted for the following covariates: parity, adequacy of gestational weight gain, BMI/pre-gestational classification and planned pregnancy; | -0.021; -0.002 | 0.01 | 0.005** ** Adjusted for the following covariates: maternal work status, adequacy of gestational weight gain, BMI/pre-gestational classification, planned pregnancy and type of childbirth. | -0.009; 0.0001 | 0.05 |