| Covariates | Experimental Group |
Control Group |
p * * Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's test; | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Characteristics of puerperae | |||||
| Overweight or obesity** ** Considering mothers who reported weight and height: 67 from the experimental group and 73 from the control group; | 46 | 68.7 | 38 | 52.0 | 0.20 |
| Mother with more than 9 years schooling | 50 | 55.6 | 49 | 54.4 | 0.88 |
| Couple living together | 79 | 87.8 | 74 | 82.2 | 0.29 |
| Household income > 1 minimum wage | 31 | 41.9 | 39 | 48.8 | 0.39 |
| Tobacco use | 3 | 3.3 | 2 | 2.2 | 0.65 |
| Vaginal delivery | 60 | 66.7 | 50 | 55.6 | 0.12 |
| Primiparity | 43 | 47.8 | 38 | 42.2 | 0.45 |
| Pre-natal carewith ≥ 6 visits | 59 | 67.0 | 52 | 57.8 | 0.23 |
| Guidance on breastfeeding technique in prenatal care | 28 | 31.8 | 39 | 43.3 | 0.12 |
| Guidance on the importance of breastfeeding in prenatal care | 41 | 47.8 | 50 | 56.2 | 0.11 |
| Participation in breastfeeding course in prenatal care | 5 | 5.7 | 12 | 13.3 | 0.12 |
| Has previous breastfeeding experience | 44) | 48.8 | 51 | 56.6 | 0.37 |
| Mean breastfeeding time with previous children ≥ 6 months*** *** Considering mothers whose first child was one year of age or older: 45 from the experimental group and 52 from the control group. | 38 | 84.4 | 42 | 80.8 | 0.63 |
| Breast engorgement in the maternity ward | 3 | 3.3 | 2 | 2.2 | 0.66 |
| Characteristics of the newborn | |||||
| Female | 49 | 54.4 | 50 | 55.6 | 0.88 |
| Birth weight < 2500 grams | 3 | 3.3 | 8 | 8.9 | 0.11 |
| Use of pacifier in the maternity ward | 4 | 4.4 | 5 | 5.6 | 0.73 |
| Received supplementation in the maternity ward | 3 | 3.4 | 2 | 2.2 | 0.64 |
| Breastfed in the first hour after delivery | 30 | 33.3 | 21 | 23.3 | 0.14 |
| Covariates | Experimental Group |
Control Group |
p * * Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's test. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Mother-baby position | |||||
| Mother with tense shoulders | 4 | 4.5 | 10 | 11.4 | 0.090 |
| Baby far from mother | 7 | 7.9 | 27 | 30.7 | <0.001 |
| Unaligned baby (baby's neck twisted) | 6 | 6.7 | 13 | 14.9 | 0.080 |
| Chin does not touch the breast | 3 | 3.4 | 28 | 31.8 | <0.001 |
| Baby not supported (only shoulder or head supported) | 2 | 2.2 | 21 | 23.9 | <0.001 |
| Baby responses | |||||
| No response to the breast | 1 | 1.1 | 3 | 3.4 | 0.306 |
| No search for breast | 1 | 1.1 | 2 | 2.3 | 0.547 |
| Baby is not interested in the breast | 2 | 2. | 2 | 2.3 | 0.982 |
| Baby restless or crying | 1 | 1.1 | 4 | 4.6 | 0.165 |
| Baby does not keep a grip on the areola | 2 | 2.2 | 24 | 27.6 | <0.001 |
| No sign of milk ejection | 4 | 4.5 | 6 | 7.0 | 0.479 |
| Emotional attachment | |||||
| Nervous mother or holds the baby wobbly | 0 | - | 2 | 2.3 | 0.153 |
| No mother-baby eye contact | 0 | - | 2 | 2.3 | 0.153 |
| Mother and baby barely touch | 9 | 10.1 | 22 | 25.0 | 0.009 |
| Anatomy | |||||
| Engorged breasts | 0 | - | 3 | 3.4 | 0.079 |
| Flat or inverted nipples | 12 | 13.5 | 5 | 5.9 | 0.091 |
| Breast tissue with cracks/redness | 1 | 1.1 | 1 | 1.2 | 0.981 |
| Breasts look stretched or drooping | 1 | 1.1 | 2 | 2.3 | 0.554 |
| Baby's grip | |||||
| Mouth slightly open | 7 | 7.9 | 20 | 22.7 | 0.006 |
| Non-asymmetric grip (more areola below baby's mouth) | 13 | 14.6 | 43 | 49.4 | <0.001 |
| Lower lip turned inward | 13 | 14.6 | 37 | 42.0 | <0.001 |
| Suction | |||||
| Just quick suctions with smacks | 0 | - | 9 | 10.3 | 0.002 |
| Loud noises are heard, but not swallowing | 2 | 2.2 | 7 | 8.0 | 0.081 |
| Suction time | |||||
| > 15 minutes | 34 | 38.2 | 29 | 33.7 | 0.537 |
