Limnological and ecological methods: approaches, and sampling strategies for middle Xingu River in the area of influence of future Belo Monte Power Plant

Tundisi, JG.; Matsumura-Tundisi, T.; Tundisi, JEM.; Faria, CRL.; Abe, D.S.; Blanco, F.; Rodrigues Filho, J.; Campanelli, L.; Sidagis Galli, C.; Teixeira-Silva, V.; Degani, R.; Soares, FS.; Gatti Junior, P.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.03614BM

JG. Tundisi ^**e-mail: tundisi@iie.com.br

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

Universidade Feevale, Rod. RS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, CEP 93525-075, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil

T. Matsumura-Tundisi

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

JEM. Tundisi

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

CRL. Faria

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

D.S. Abe

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

F. Blanco

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

J. Rodrigues Filho

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

L. Campanelli

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

C. Sidagis Galli

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

V. Teixeira-Silva

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

R. Degani

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

FS. Soares

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

P. Gatti Junior

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento Ambiental – IIEGA, Rua Bento Carlos, 750, Centro, CEP 13560-660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

*e-mail: tundisi@iie.com.br

SURFACE WATER
VARIABLES	UNITY	METHOD	BASIC REFERENCES
Depth	m	Depth Measurer	Speedtech Instruments
pH	pH units	Multiparametric sensors	YSI Incorporated
Electrical Conductivity	µS/cm	Multiparametric sensors	YSI Incorporated
Turbidity	UNT	Multiparametric sensors	YSI Incorporated
Dissolved Oxygen	mg/L	Multiparametric sensors	YSI Incorporated
Saturation of D.O.	%	Multiparametric sensors	YSI Incorporated
Water Temp.	°C	Multiparametric sensors	YSI Incorporated
Total Suspended Solids	mg/L	Multiparametric sensors	YSI Incorporated
Redox Potential	mV	Multiparametric sensors	YSI Incorporated
Transparency	m	Secchi Disk	Wetzel and Likens (1991)Wetzel, RG. and Likens, GE., 1991. Limnological analyses. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Apparent color	mg PtCo/L	Spectrophotometry	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
True color	mg PtCo/L	Spectrophotometry	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Suspended Organic Matter	mg/L	Gravimetry	Wetzel and Likens (1991)Wetzel, RG. and Likens, GE., 1991. Limnological analyses. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Alkalinity	mg-CaCO₃/L	Titrimetry with H₂SO₄	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
BOD _5,20	mg/L	Incubation & Titration (Winkler)	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Total Phosphorus	µg-P/L	Colorimetric Method Spectrophotometry	Valderrama (1981)Valderrama, JC., 1981. The simultaneous analysis of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in natural water. Marine Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 102-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(81)90027-X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(81)9...
Total Nitrogen Kjeldhall	mg-NTK/L	Acid Digestion	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Nitrite	µg-N/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Nitrite	µg-N/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Amonium	µg-N/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Fluoride	µg/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Cloride	mg/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Bromide	µg/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Lithium	µg/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Phosphate (organic; inorganic)	µg-P/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Sulphate	mg/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Sodium	mg/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Potassium	mg/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Magnesium	mg/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Calcium	mg/L	Liquid Chromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
	mg/L	Extraction soxhlet	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Metals (Al, Cu, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Zn, As, Hg, Ni, Se)	mg/L	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Clorophyll a	µg/L	Extraction Etanol 80% Warm Spectrophotometric	Nusch (1980)Nusch, EA., 1980. Comparation of different methods for chlorophyll and phaeopigment determination. Archiv für Hydrobiologie–Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie, vol. 14, p. 14-36.
Pesticides	µg/L	Methods USEPA 8260, 8270 8151, 8082 liquid cromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Total coliforms	NMP/100 mL	Incubation in defined substrate	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
SEDIMENT
Total phosphorus	mg-P/g sed	Colorimetric Method	Andersen (1976)Andersen, JM., 1976. An ignition method for the determination of total phosphorus in lake sediments. Water Research, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 329-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(76)90175-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(76)9...
Total Nitrogen Kjeldhal	mg-NTK/g sed	Acid digestion, destilation, titration	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Organic Matter	%	Gravimetry	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Total carbon-inorganic carbon	mg/g sed	Combustion at higt temperature. Infrared detection TOC – 5.000, SSM – 5000A	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Metals (Al, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cr, Mn, Zn, As, Hg, Ni)	mg/Kg sed	USEPA 3050B ver.2 – atomic absorption	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Granulmetry	%		APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
Pesticides (11 types – organochlorides, organophosphorus, carbamates.	µg/Kg sed	USEPA 8270, 8260B, 8081, 8082, 8141 – liquid cromatography	APHA et al. (1998)American Public Health Association – APHA, American Water Works Association – AWWA and World Economic Forum – WEF, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
AQUATIC BIOTA
Phytoplankton & Cyanobacterias	org/ml	Phytoplankton & Cyanobacterias Sant’Anna (1984)Sant’Anna, CL., 1984. Chroococcales (Chlorophyceae) do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Bibliografia Phycollogica, vol. 67, p. 1-348.
Zooplankton	org/m³	Pennak(1953)Pennak, RW., 1953. Fresh water invertebrates of the United States. New York: The Ronald Press Company. 769 p., Matsumura-Tundisi (1999)Matsumura-Tundisi, T., 1999. Diversidade de zooplâncton em represas do Brasil. In HENRY, R. (Ed.). Ecologia de reservatórios: estrutura, função e aspectos sociais. Botucatu: FUNDIBIO/FAPESP. p. 39-54.
Benthic macro invertebrates	Org/m²	Mugnai et al. 2010
Aquatic Macrophytes - gDW x m-2 (Moura Junior et al., 2015MOURA JÚNIOR, EG., PAIVA, RMS., FERREIRA, AC., PACOPAHYBA, LD., TAVARES, AS., FERREIRA, FA. and POTT, A., 2015. Updated chechlist of macrophytes from Northern Brazil. Acta Amazonica, vol. 45, no. 2, p. 111-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201402662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-439220140... )

REGION	SITE	LOCATION
REGION	SITE	E^a a E (East).	S^b b S (South) coordinates expressed in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM).
	PCIBM	411710	9654776
	PACBM-J	409329	9655379
	RXTP	411518	9657155
	SEBM/IGSA	411411	9653158
Belo Monte	PACBM-M	408904	9654630
Construction	RX-07	412101	9655603
Site	Downstream
	wastewater
	treatment
	Plant	409813	9657777
	Water intake
	for drinking
	purposes	411636	9656065
Workers		418528	9656427
Village		417479	9656648
	PACPIM-J/
	Downstream
	wastewater
Main	treatment
Reservoir	plant	399414	9617647
Construction	PACPIM - M	399313	9621524
Site	SEPIM	394953	9620243
	RX 22	393341	9616080
	PIMENTAL	396711	9622747
Channel	PTO 1	397829	9636748
Construction	PTO 2	393499	9627763
and Dikes	PTO 3	401950	9636672

REGION	SITE	LOCATION
REGION	SITE	E^a a E (East).	S^b b S (South) coordinates expressed in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM).
	PIM 1	393707	9622013
	PIM2	393625	9619797
XINGU	PIM 3	393721	9618982
RIVER	PIM 4	393606	9617918
	PIM 5	393517	9616490
	PIM 6	392994	9614535
	PIM 7	394720	9616038

REGION	SITE	LOCATION
REGION	SITE	E^a a E (East).	S^b b S (South) coordinates expressed in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM).
	PACBM-M	408918	9654830
ROADS	IGATU	416616	9654462
	IGCHOCAÍ	420015	9654208
	PCIBM	411710	9654776
DASH KM	SEBM = IGSA	411411	9653158
50	SEBM = IGSA	411411	9653158
DASH KM	IGTR40	401380	9659722
40	IGTR40	401380	9659722
EAST-WEST	PTO 02	393499	9627763
	IGLH	394393	9627799
	IGPAQ	412785	9632254
DASH KM	IGTIC	416972	9635945
55	IGCAJ	416759	9639494
	IGCO	416941	9641996
	IGPAQ-M1	396299	9638667
DASH KM	IGPAQ-M2	396333	9638686
27	PACPIM-J	401942	9621770
	IGARAPÉ TRV	401773	9624030
	27	401773	9624030

REGION	SITE	LOCATION
REGION	SITE	E^a a E (East).	S^b b S (South) coordinates expressed in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM).
UPSTREAM FUTURE	RX 19	340308	9594378
XINGU RIVER RESERVOIR	RX 19	340308	9594378
	RX01	364567	9622460
	RX 02	364825	9642028
	PAN 02	362587	9642191
XINGU	ALT 02	364918	9646170
RIVER IN	AMB 02	367145	9646750
THE SITE OF	RX 18	369016	9645307
FUTURE	RX 24	380375	9643752
XINGU RIVER	RX 25	385884	9627996
RESERVOIR	RX 03	393609	9621881
	IGLH	394393	9627799
	IDM	397174	9624564
	PIMENTAL^* * Pimental, Ressaca and Fazenda are local names of sites.	395955	9619993
	RX23	399847	9611758
	RESSACA^* * Pimental, Ressaca and Fazenda are local names of sites.	395716	9605109
	FAZENDA^* * Pimental, Ressaca and Fazenda are local names of sites.	397063	9605831
	RX04	398892	9604506
DOWNSTREAM	RX20	410981	9612559
XINGU RIVER	RX05	419119	9611979
RESERVOIR	RX06	422128	9613197
(VOLTA GRANDE)	BAC02	423341	9608322
	BAC03	436647	9595949
	RX21	416882	9632483
	RX17	423568	9654245
	IGCHOCAÍ	420015	9654208
	RX11	420042	9655929
SITES OF	IGPAQ	412785	9632254
FUTURE	IGTIC	416972	9635945
MIDDLE	IGCAJ	418862	9639036
RESERVOIR	IGCO	416941	9641996
	TURIÁ	414127	9648416
DOWNSTREAM	RX 07	412421	9657260
POWER PLANT	SEBM/IGSA	411411	9653158
IN THE XINGU	TUC 01	388040	9682481
RIVER	RX 15	3875534	9688205

[1] *e-mail: tundisi@iie.com.br

Brasil

Brasil

Limnological and ecological methods: approaches, and sampling strategies for middle Xingu River in the area of influence of future Belo Monte Power Plant

Estudo limnológico e da biota aquática no Rio Xingu na área de influência de UHE Belo Monte: metodologia e abordagens

Abstract