Floral morphology and anatomy of <i>Dalechampia alata</i> Klotzsch ex Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), with emphasis on secretory structures

Martins, F. M.; Cunha-Neto, I. L.; Pereira, T. M.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.19514

F. M. Martins

Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia – UFRB, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, CEP 44380-000, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil

I. L. Cunha-Neto ^**e-mail: israellopescn@gmail.com

Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia – UFRB, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, CEP 44380-000, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil

T. M. Pereira

Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz – UESC, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, CEP 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil

*e-mail: israellopescn@gmail.com

Figures (5)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1
Inflorescence morphology of Dalechampia alata Klotzsch ex Baill. A. Bract. B. Inflorescence in lateral view. Note the completely developed glands. C. Inflorescence in upper ‘or’ top view. D. Staminate flower. Note the presence of the androphore. E. Carpellate flowers. (a – androphore; asterisk – bracteole of staminate flower; br – bracteole of pistillate flower; g – glands; pf – pistillate flower; s – stipule; sf – staminate flower; t - tepal). Bars: A-C = 2 cm; D; E = 0,5 cm.

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Figure 2
Staminate inflorescence anatomy of Dalechampia alata Klotzsch ex Baill.. A. Transversal section of the staminate flower showing the involucral bract, bracteoles, staminate flowers, and the glands in early stages of development. B. Transversal section of the bracteoles and tepal. Notice the inconspicuous vascular bundles and non-glandular trichomes (arrows) on the bracteoles. C. Detail of the pluricellular glandular trichomes (stinging hair). D. Staminate flower showing the androphore and the tetrasporangiate anthers. E. Transversal section of an anther at early microspore mother cell stage with epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum. F. Detail of the androphore, tepals, and the anther. G. Blades on division for the formation of the staminate flower glands. (a – androphore; arrow – trichomes; bg – blades of glands; br – bracteole; g – glands; ib – involucral bract; mmc – microspore mother cell; sf – staminate flower; t – tepal; vb – vascular bundle). Bars: A; D; G = 4 μm; C; E = 80 μm; B; F = 40 μm.

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Figure 3
Structure and histochemistry of the staminate flower gland of Dalechampia alata Klotzsch ex Baill. in transversal sections. A. Glands of the staminates flowers. B. Detail of the gland structure. C. Glands not exposed to reagents. D. Sections stained with Sudan Red. E. Sections stained with Sudan Black B. F. Sections stained with Nile Blue. G. Sections stained with Nadi reagent. (g – glands; cc – central cells; se – secretory epidermis) Bars: A = 200 μm; B = 30 μm; C-G = 50 μm.

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Figure 4
Ovary, seminal rudiment, stigma, and style structure of Dalechampia alata Klotzsch ex Baill.. A. Basal region of the pistilate flower in transversal section. Note the trilocular ovary. B. Bracteole detail. C. Ovary wall detail. D-J. Longitudinal sections. D. Ovary and style. E. Ovary and seminal rudiment. F. Micropyle detail. G. Obturator detail. H. Hypostase detail. I. Longitudinal section of the basal region of the ovary showing the vascular bundle. J. Stomata in the ovary wall. K-O. Transversal section of the style and stigma. K. Style. L. Detail of the differentiated subepidermal cells. M. Central region of the style. N. Stigmatic secretion stained with safranin. O. Positive reaction to PAS by the secretion from stigmatic and transmitting tissues. P. Longitudinal section of the style. (asterisk – meristematic region; br – bracteole; headarrow – vascular bundle; hy – hypostase; ii – inner integument; np – nucellus projection; oi – outer integument; ov – ovary; tt – transmitting tissue; thin arrow – obturator; thick arrow – stomata; vb – vascular bundle). Bars: A; K; P = 200 μm; B; C; H; I; J; D; L; M; N = 60 μm; E = 150 μm; F; G; J; O = 40 μm.

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Figure 5
Structure and histochemistry of colleters on the pseudanthium of Dalechampia alata Klotzsch ex Baill. A. Transversal section of the pseudanthium. Notice the colleters (arrows) associated with the involucral bract and on the base of the pistillate flowers. B-J Longitudinal sections. B. Colleter found in the axile of the stipule. C. Detail of a standard colleter. D. Stalked colleter. E. Detail of the stalked colleter with conspicuous vascularization. Figure. F-J. Histochemical tests. F. Colleter not exposed to reagents. G. Colleter exposed to PAS reaction. H. Colleter stained with Sudan Red. I. Colleter stained with Sudan Black B. J. Colleter stained with Nile blue. (arrows – colleters; c – colleter; cc – central cells; ib – involucral bract; pf – pistillate flower; se – secretory epidermis; sf – staminate flower; vb – vascular bundle). Bars: A = 200 μm; B; D = 150 μm; C; E-J = 40 μm.

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Table 1
List of the histochemical tests used to identify the principal metabolic compounds secreted by the secretory structures of Dalechampia alata Klotzsch ex Baill.

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Table 2
Histochemical characterization of colleters, glands, and transmitting tissue from the inflorescence of Dalechampia alata Klotzsch ex Baill.

	Metabolite	Reagent
Lipids	Total Lipid	Sudan Black B (Pearse, 1985Pearse, A.G.E., 1985. Histochemistry: theorical and applied. Vol II. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1055 p.) Sudan Red (Brundrett et al., 1991Brundrett, M.C., Kendrick, B. and Peterson, C.A., 1991. Efficient lipid staining in plant material with sudan red 7B or fluoral yellow 088 in Polyethylene Glycol-Glycerol. Biotechnic & Histochemistry : Official Publication of the Biological Stain Commission, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 111-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10520299109110562. PMid:1716161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10520299109110... )
Lipids	Acid and neutral lipids	Nile blue (Cain, 1947Cain, A.J., 1947. The use of Nile Blue in the examination of lipids. The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vol. 88, pp. 383-392.)
Terpenoids	Essential oils and oleoresins	Nadi reagent (David and Carde, 1964David, R. and Carde, J.P., 1964. Coloration différentielle des inclusions lipidique et terpeniques des pseudophylles du Pin maritime au moyen du reactif Nadi. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, vol. 258, pp. 1338-1340.)
Phenolic compounds	Phenolic general	Ferric chloride (Johansen, 1940Johansen, D.A., 1940. Plant microtechnique. New York: McGraw–Hill. 523 p.)
Phenolic compounds	Phenolic general	Potassium dichromate (Gabe, 1968Gabe, M., 1968. Techniques histologiques. Paris: Masson & Cie. 1113 p.)
	Tanin	Chloridric vanillin (Mace et al., 1974Mace, M.E., BELL, A.A. and STIPANOVIC, R.D., 1974. Histochemistry and identification of condensed tannin precursor in roots of cotton seedlings. Phytopathology, vol. 64, pp. 1297-1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-64-1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-64-1297... )
Alkaloids		Draggendorf reagent (Furr and Mahlberg, 1981Furr, M. and Mahlberg, P.G., 1981. Histochemical analyses of lacticifers and glandular trichomes in Cannabis sativa.Journal of Natural Products, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 153-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50014a002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50014a002... )
		Dittmar reagent (Furr and Mahlberg, 1981Furr, M. and Mahlberg, P.G., 1981. Histochemical analyses of lacticifers and glandular trichomes in Cannabis sativa.Journal of Natural Products, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 153-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50014a002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50014a002... )
		Elram (Furr and Mahlberg, 1981Furr, M. and Mahlberg, P.G., 1981. Histochemical analyses of lacticifers and glandular trichomes in Cannabis sativa.Journal of Natural Products, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 153-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50014a002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50014a002... )
		Wagner reagent (Furr and Mahlberg, 1981Furr, M. and Mahlberg, P.G., 1981. Histochemical analyses of lacticifers and glandular trichomes in Cannabis sativa.Journal of Natural Products, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 153-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50014a002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50014a002... )
Polyssaccharides	Starch	Lugol (Johansen, 1940Johansen, D.A., 1940. Plant microtechnique. New York: McGraw–Hill. 523 p.)
	Total polysaccharides	PAS (McManus, 1948McManus, J.F.A., 1948. Histological and histochemical uses of periodic acid. Stain Technology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 99-108. PMid:18867618.)
	Acid mucopolysaccharides	Alcian Blue (Pearse, 1985Pearse, A.G.E., 1985. Histochemistry: theorical and applied. Vol II. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1055 p.)
Proteins	Total proteins	Xilidine Ponceau (O'Brien and McCully, 1981O’Brien, T.P. and McCully, M.E., 1981. The study of plant structure principles and select methods. Melbourne: Termarcarphi Pty. 357 p.)

Metabolite	Reagent	Colleters	Glands	Style Gland ( Souza et al., 2010 Souza, L.A., Silva, A.C. and Moscheta, I.S., 2010. Morphology and anatomy of flowers of Müll.arg. (Euphorbiaceae). Dalechampia stipulaceaActa Botanica Venezuelica, vol. 33, pp. 103-117. )	Transmitting Tissue
Lipids	Sudan Black B Sudan Scarlat Nile Blue	+	+	-	-
		+	+	-	-
		+	+	-	-
Terpenoids	Nadi Reagent	-	+	-	-
Phenolic compounds	Ferric chloride	-	-	-	-
	Potassium dichromate	-	-	-	-
	Chloridric vanillin	-	-	-	-
	Dragendorf	-	-	-	-
	Dittmar reagent	-	-	-	-
Alkaloids	Elram	-	-	-	-
	Wagner reagent	-	-	-	-
	Lugol	-	-	-	-
Polysaccharides	PAS	+	-	-	+
	Alcian Blue	-	-	-	-
Protein	Xilidine Ponceau	-	-	-	-

[1] *e-mail: israellopescn@gmail.com

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Floral morphology and anatomy of Dalechampia alata Klotzsch ex Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), with emphasis on secretory structures

Morfologia e anatomia da flor de Dalechampia alata Klotzsch ex Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), com ênfase nas estruturas secretoras

Abstract