Dong et al.1515 Dong J, Wong SL, Lau CW, et al. Calcitriol protects renovascular function in hypertension by down-regulating angiotensin II type 1 receptors and reducing oxidative stress. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(23):2980-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr459. PMid:22267242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr4...
- Hong Kong |
Study with endothelial cells from human or rat aorta |
Exposure of renal arteries to calcitriol or angiotensin II |
In vivo and in vitro activation of the vitamin D receptor with calcitriol improves endothelial function |
Polidoro et al.1414 Polidoro L, Properzi G, Marampon F, et al. Vitamin D protects human endothelial cells from H2O2 oxidant injury through the Mek/Erk-Sirt1 axis activation. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2013;6(2):221-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12265-012-9436-x. PMid:23247634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12265-012-943...
- Italy |
In vitro study |
Administration of vitamin D to human umbilical vein endothelial cells |
Protection against oxidative stress, mediated by superoxide |
Lee et al.1616 Lee JW, Kim SC, Ko YS, et al. Renoprotective effect of paricalcitol via a modulation of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway in ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014;444(2):121-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.005. PMid:24434153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01...
- Republic of Korea |
In vivo with mice and in vitro with HK-2 cells |
Evaluation of renal inflammation and injury and the direct effect of paricalcitol on tubule cells |
Renoprotective effect in acute ischemic kidney injury |
Takenaka et al.1717 Takenaka T, Inoue T, Ohno Y, et al. Calcitriol supplementation improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in rat hypertensive renal injury. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2014;39(1):17-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000355773. PMid:24821359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000355773...
- Japan |
Experimental study with hypertensive rats |
Hypertensive, uninephrectomized rats, treated with vitamin D |
Improved expression of klotho and suppression of oxidative stress and albuminuria, without substantial changes to renal angiotensin II levels |
Wong et al.66 Wong MS, Leisegang MS, Kruse C, et al. Vitamin D promotes vascular regeneration. Circulation. 2014;130(12):976-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010650. PMid:25015343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA...
- Germany |
In vivo and in vitro study |
Supplementation with vitamin D3 in healthy donors and mice |
Improved vascular regeneration after injury in healthy and diabetic individuals |
Pilz et al.2020 Pilz S, Gaksch M, Kienreich K, et al. Effects of vitamin D on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 2015;65(6):1195-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05319. PMid:25801871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAH...
- Germany |
Randomized clinical trial, double-blind, placebo-controlled |
Supplementation with vitamin D3 for 8 weeks with 200 hypertensive participants with low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels |
No significant beneficial effect of vitamin D3 on arterial blood pressure or other cardiovascular risk factors was observed, but it was associated with a significant increase in triglycerides |
Carrara et al.1818 Carrara D, Bruno RM, Bacca A, et al. Cholecalciferol treatment downregulates renin–angiotensin system and improves endothelial function in essential hypertensive patients with hypovitaminosid D. J Hypertens. 2016;34(11):2199-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001072. PMid:27648718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000...
- Italy |
Clinical case-control study |
Thirty-three patients with essential hypertension and hypovitaminosis D were treated with cholecalciferol for 8 weeks |
Restoration of normal vitamin D levels is capable of inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system and improving flow-mediated dilation |
Borgi et al.1919 Borgi L, McMullan C, Wohlhueter A, Curhan GC, Fisher ND, Forman JP. Effect of vitamin D on endothelial function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Hypertens. 2017;30(2):124-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpw135. PMid:28077419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpw135...
- United States |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial |
Forty-six nonhypertensive, nondiabetic overweight, or obese individuals with vitamin D deficiency were given ergocalciferol or matching placebo for 8 weeks |
No improvement in endothelial function after vitamin D replacement |
Arora et al.2121 Arora P, Song Y, Dusek J, et al. Vitamin D therapy in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: the DAYLIGHT trial. Circulation. 2015;131(3):254-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011732. PMid:25359163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA...
- United States |
Multicenter study, randomized, double-blind |
Vitamin D supplementation at high or low doses in 534 hypertensive or pre-hypertensive individuals with vitamin D deficiency, |
No significant reductions in mean 24-hour systolic pressure |
Manson et al.2222 Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):33-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944. PMid:30415629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944...
- United States |
Randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial, |
Administration of vitamin D3 and marine omega 3 fatty acids to a total of 25,871 participants, for primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases |
Supplementation with vitamin D did not result in lower incidence of invasive cancer or cardiovascular events when compared with placebo |
Barbarawi et al.2323 Barbarawi M, Kheiri B, Zayed Y, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular disease risks in more than 83 000 individuals in 21 randomized clinical trials: a meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(8):765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.201...
- United States |
Meta-analysis of 21 randomized clinical trials |
Efficacy of supplementation with vitamin D for reduction of cardiovascular events and all-causes mortality, including 83,291 patients, 41,669 of whom were given vitamin D and 41,622 of whom were given placebos |
No significant reductions were observed in cardiovascular events, cerebrovascular events, or mortality |