Ghods, 2009 (11. Ghods AJ. Ethical issues and living unrelated donor kidney transplantation. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2009;3:183-91.) |
Not applicable |
Iran has a 20-year experience with a compensated and regulated living unrelated kidney donation program. This transplantation model was adopted in 1988 and was able to eliminate kidney transplant waiting list in 1999. |
Wu & Fang, 2013 (22. Wu X, Fang Q. Financial compensation for deceased organ donation in China. J Med Ethics. 2013;39:378-9.) |
Not applicable |
Financial compensation policy initiated in five pilot provinces and cities in China helped increase the concept of organ donation. |
Ghahramani et al., 2013 (33. Ghahramani N, Karparvar Z, Ghahramani M, Shadrou S. International survey of nephrologists’ perceptions and attitudes about rewards and compensations for kidney donation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:1610-21.) |
Survey of 1280 nephrologists from 74 countries. |
Thirty-seven percent agreed with the provision of free lifelong health insurance to donors. Forty-nine percent agreed with some form of compensation, and 26% agreed with direct financial compensation for living donors. Thirty-one percent believed that living unrelated donors should receive financial rewards, while 23% favored rewards to related donors. Twenty-seven percent were in favor of financial rewards for families of deceased donors. |
Alkuwari et al., 2014 (44. Alkuwari H, Fadhil R, Almaslamani Y, Alansari A, Almalki H, Khalaf H, et al. The Doha Donation Accord aligned with the Declaration of Istanbul: implementations to develop deceased organ donation and combat commercialism. Transplantation. 2014;97:3-4.) |
Not applicable |
Hamad Medical Corporation initiated the Doha Donation Accord (DDA) in 2010 to develop deceased organ donation and live related kidney transplantation prohibiting trade in human organs and financial rewards for organ donation. It covers expenses throughout the whole process. |
Chapman, 2018 (55. Chapman JR. Seeking to Close the Loopholes in Transplant Tourism and Organ Trafficking. Transplantation. 2018;102:11-2.) |
Not applicable |
A review paper discussing organ trafficking and transplant commercialism. |
Akkina et al., 2011 (66. Akkina SK, Muster H, Steffens E, Kim SJ, Kasiske BL, Israni AK. Donor exchange programs in kidney transplantation: rationale and operational details from the north central donor exchange cooperative. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57:152-8.) |
Not applicable |
A review discussing donor exchange programs. |
Schweda & Schicktanz, 2009 (77. Schweda M, Schicktanz S. Public ideas and values concerning the commercialization of organ donation in four European countries. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68:1129-36.) |
Focus group discussions with 66 European citizens. |
The group resisted organ commercialization. Many respondents stated that the altruistic form of donation is not a one-way relationship, but is based on mutual exchange. |
van Buren et al., 2010 (88. van Buren MC, Massey EK, Maasdam L, Zuidema WC, Hilhorst MT, Ijzermans JN, et al. For love or money? Attitudes toward financial incentives among actual living kidney donors. Am J Transplant. 2010;10:2488-92.) |
Survey of 250 living kidney donors. |
Almost half of the respondents were in favor of financial compensation for living donors by the government. The majority of the living donors would not have wanted any financial reward for themselves, because they donated a kidney out of love for the recipient or altruistic principles. |
Tushla et al., 2015 (99. Tushla L, Rudow DL, Milton J, Rodrigue JR, Schold JD, Hays R; American Society of Transplantation. Living-Donor Kidney Transplantation: Reducing Financial Barriers to Live Kidney Donation--Recommendations from a Consensus Conference. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1696-702.) |
Not applicable |
Consensus Conference on Best Practices in Live Kidney Donation took place in 2014. The following recommendations were established: (1) allocate resources for standardized reimbursement of living kidney donors’ lost wages and incidental costs; (2) pass legislation to offer employment and insurability protections to living kidney donors; (3) create an living kidney donor financial toolkit to provide standardized, vetted education to donors and providers about options to maximize donor coverage and minimize financial effect within the current climate and (4) promote further research to identify systemic barriers to living donation and living kidney donor transplantation to ensure the creation of mitigation strategies. |
Mazaris et al., 2009 (1010. Mazaris EM, Warrens AN, Papalois VE. Ethical issues in live donor kidney transplant: views of medical and nursing staff. Exp Clin Transplant. 2009;7:1-7.) |
Survey completed by 108 medical and nursing staff in a Renal and Transplant center in London. |
Live donor kidney transplant was considered ethically acceptable between blood relatives (100%), non-blood relatives and friends (92.6%) and strangers (47.2%). Around 34.3% believed there should be no financial reward, not even compensation for expenses, for donors; 8% favored direct financial rewards for donors known to recipients and 18% favored rewards for donors not known to recipients, while 57.4% of respondents supported compensation for expenses incurred for donors known to the recipient and 50.0% supported this kind of compensation when the donor was a stranger. |
Mazaris et al., 2011 (1111. Mazaris EM, Crane JS, Warrens AN, Smith G, Tekkis P, Papalois VE. Attitudes toward live donor kidney transplantation and its commercialization. Clin Transplant. 2011;25:E312-9.) |
There were 464 participants (63.8% patients and 36.2% health-care professionals). |
Around 80% were willing to donate to children, siblings, parents; around 70% to non-blood relatives or friends and around 15% to strangers. Around 50% were willing to receive a kidney from a stranger versus 80% from parents, siblings, children or relatives and friends. Around 29% did not approve financial reward for donors and 60% approved covering expenses for donors. |
Peters et al., 2016 (1212. Peters TG, Fisher JS, Gish RG, Howard RJ. Views of US Voters on Compensating Living Kidney Donors. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:710-6.) |
There were 1011 respondents from the US (427 males and 584 females). |
Around 65% were willing to donate a kidney to anyone and around 59% were willing if a payment of $50,000 was made. |
Kute et al., 2014 (1313. Kute VB, Shah PS, Vanikar AV, Gumber MR, Patel HV, Engineer DP, et al. Increasing access to renal transplantation in India through our single-center kidney paired donation program: a model for the developing world to prevent commercial transplantation. Transpl Int. 2014;27:1015-21.) |
There were 56 patients and 140 KPDs in a single center in India between 2000 and 2013. |
For the 56 KPD transplantations, graft survival was 97.5%. KPD was done to avoid blood group incompatibility (n = 52) or positive cross-match (n = 4). |
Mierzejeweska et al., 2013 (1414. Mierzejewska B, Durlik M, Lisik W, Baum C, Schroder P, Kopke J, et al. Current approaches in national kidney paired donation programs. Ann Transplant. 2013;18:112-24.) |
Not applicable |
A review paper discussing improvement in transplant numbers in several countries that have adopted KPD. |
Pham et al., 2017 (1515. Pham TA, Lee JI, Melcher ML. Kidney paired exchange and desensitization: Strategies to transplant the difficult to match kidney patients with living donors. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2017;31:29-34.) |
Not applicable |
A review discussing KPD and desensitization. |
Kute et al., 2017 (1616. Kute VB, Patel HV, Shah PR, Modi PR, Shah VR, Rizvi SJ, et al. Impact of single centre kidney paired donation transplantation to increase donor pool in India: a cohort study. Transpl Int. 2017;30:679-88.) |
There were 3616 living donor kidney transplantations, 561 deceased donor kidney transplantations. |
There were 300 transplants done by KPD in a single center in India between January 2000 and July 2016. |
Catwell et al., 2015 (1717. Cantwell L, Woodroffe C, Holdsworth R, Ferrari P. Four years of experience with the Australian kidney paired donation programme. Nephrology (Carlton). 2015;20:124-31.) |
Not applicable |
A review paper discussing the four years’ experience of KPD in Australia. |
Kute et al., 2017 (1818. Kute VB, Patel HV, Shah PR, Modi PR, Shah VR, Rizvi SJ, et al. Seventy-seven kidney paired donation transplantations at a single transplant centre in India led to an increase in living donor kidney transplantations in 2015. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10:709-714.) |
There were 380 KPD transplantations. |
There were 77 transplants done by KPD in a single center in India between 1 January, 2015 and 1 January, 2016. The reasons for KPD were ABO incompatibility (n = 45), sensitization (n = 26) and better matching (n = 6). |
Ghods and Savaj, 2006 (1919. Ghods AJ, Savaj S. Iranian model of paid and regulated living-unrelated kidney donation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:1136-45.) |
Not applicable |
A review paper discussing the Iranian model which was adopted in 1998 to regulate and compensate living-unrelated donor renal transplant program and has helped decrease the number of patients on the waiting list. |
Bailey et al., 2016 (2020. Bailey PK, Ben-Shlomo Y, de Salis I, Tomson C, Owen-Smith A. Better the donor you know? A qualitative study of renal patients’ views on ‘altruistic’ live-donor kidney transplantation. Soc Sci Med. 2016;150:104-11.) |
Semi-structured interviews with UK 32 deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients. |
The following themes were identified for those who were against altruistic donation: Prioritizing other recipients above self; fear of acquiring an unknown donor's characteristics and concern for the donor for unnecessary risk. For those willing to accept a non-directed altruistic living donor kidney transplantation the following themes were identified: Prioritizing known above unknown persons, belief that they are as deserving as other potential recipients, and advantages of a living donor kidney transplantation. |
de Castro, 2003 (2121. de Castro LD. Commodification and exploitation: arguments in favour of compensated organ donation. J Med Ethics. 2003;29:142-6.) |
Not applicable |
A review paper discussing commodification of human organs. |
Ghods et al., 2001 (2222. Ghods AJ, Ossareh S, Khosravani P. Comparison of some socioeconomic characteristics of donors and recipients in a controlled living unrelated donor renal transplantation program. Transplant Proc. 2001;33:2626-7.) |
There were 1000 patients in Iran (500 living unrelated donors and 500 recipients). |
The majority of living unrelated donors (84%) were poor and no single wealthy individual was listed in the category. |
Friedman, 2006 (2323. Friedman AL. Payment for living organ donation should be legalised. BMJ. 2006;333:746-8.) |
Not applicable |
A review paper discussing the need to legalize payment for living organ donation to prevent exploitation of organs. |