Fig. 1
Nasal bone of a. Cynopotamus xinguano, MZUSP 94196, 97.9 mm SL, scale bar 500 µm; b. Acestrocephalus stigmatus, MZUSP 94216, 85.0 mm SL, scale bar 500 µm, and c. Galeocharax gulo, MZUSP 62839, 127.2 mm SL, scale bar 1 mm. Right side, ventral view, anterior tip oriented downwards. Arrow points to lateral bony projection.
Fig. 2
Infraorbital series of a. Cynopotamus xinguano, MZUSP 94196, 97.9 mm SL; b. Acestrocephalus stigmatus, MZUSP 94216, 85.0 mm SL, and c. Galeocharax gulo, MZUSP 62839, 127.2 mm SL. Left side, lateral view. Black arrows point to anterior tip of infraorbital 1. Ant - antorbital, Io 1-6 - Infraorbital 1-6. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 3
Hyopalatine arch and opercular series of a. Acestrocephalus stigmatus, MZUSP 94216, 85.0 mm SL; b. Cynopotamus xinguano, MZUSP 94196, 97.6 mm SL; c. Galeocharax gulo, MZUSP 62839, 127.2 mm SL; d. Galeocharax goeldii, UFRO-I 5468, 77.9 mm SL; e. Galeocharax humeralis, MZUSP 19984, 66.0 mm SL; f. Galeocharax gulo, MZUSP 10480 88.8 mm SL. Left side, lateral view. Black arrows point to ectopterygoid crest, gray arrows point to anterior region of metapterygoid. Apal - autopalatine; Ect - ectopterygoid; End - endopterygoid; Hyo - hyomandibular; Iop - interopercle; Met - metapterygoid; Ope - opercle; Pop - preopercle; Qua - quadrate; Sop - subopercle; Sym - symplectic. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 4
Lower jaw of a. Cynopotamus xinguano, MZUSP 94196, 97.9 mm SL; b. Acestrocephalus stigmatus, MZUSP 94216, 85.0 mm SL and c. Galeocharax gulo, MZUSP 62839, 127.2 mm SL. Right side, medial view. Black arrows points to region posterior to dentary canines. Anar - anguloarticular; MC - Meckel’s cartilage; Den - dentary; Ret - retroarticular. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 5
Pectoral girdle of a. Cynopotamus xinguano, MZUSP 94196, 97.9 mm SL, scale bar 2 mm and b. Galeocharax gulo, MZUSP 62839, 127.2 mm SL scale bar 5 mm. Black arrows point to posteroventral margin of cleithrum. Lateral view of left side. BL - Baudelot’s ligament; Cle - cleithrum; Cor - coracoid; ExS - extrascapular; Pcle1-2 - postcleithrum 1-2; Ptem - posttemporal.
Fig. 6
Galeocharax goeldii a. INPA 24598, 109.7 mm SL. Brazil, Amazonas rio Madeira basin, Paraná do Uruá, and b. USNM 305367, 129.6 mm SL. Bolivia, Beni, río Beni basin, río Curiraba.
Fig. 7
Lower jaw of a. Galeocharax goeldii, UFRO-I 5468, 77.9 mm; b. G. gulo, MZUSP 62839, 127.2 mm SL and c. G. humeralis, MZUSP 19984, 66.0 mm SL. Right side, medial view. Black arrows point to region between third and fourth dentary canine teeth. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate first to fourth canine teeth. * indicates replacement teeth. Anar - anguloarticular; Den - dentary; MC - Meckel’s cartilage; Ret - retroarticular. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 8
Scanning electron microscope images of the spinoid scales of Galeocharax goeldii, UFRO-I 9668, 160.8 mm SL. a. dorsal view of scale, posterior margin of scale oriented towards upper left corner, scale bar 500 µm; b. and c. detail of posterior field of scale, scale bar 200µm, in b. dorsal view, posterior margin of scale to top, and c. dorsolateral view, posterior margin of scale to right.
Fig. 9
Schematic drawing of the fibers of muscles that limit the pseudotympanum in Galeocharax. rv5 - rib of vertebra 5; rv6 - rib of vertebra 6; Lat sup - lateralis superficialis muscle; Lln - lateral line nerve; Obl sup - obliquus
superioris muscle.
Fig. 10
Scanning electron microscope images of the second branched anal-fin ray of Galeocharax gulo, male, MZUSP 40901, 110.6 mm SL a.-c. and female, MZUSP 10479, 179.7 mm SL d.-f.. Proximal tip to upper left corner in a.-c., to top in d. and to upper right corner in e.-f. a. posterior view, scale bar 2 mm; b. Detail of middle portion, lateral view, left side, scale bar 200 µm; c. Detail of middle portion, posterior view, scale bar 200 µm; d. lateral view, right side, scale bar 1 mm; e. Detail of middle portion, lateral view, right side, scale bar 200 µm, and f. Detail of middle portion, lateral view, right side, scale bar 100 µm.
Fig. 11
Scanning electron microscope images of the first branched pelvic-fin ray of Galeocharax gulo, male, MZUSP 40901, 110.6 mm SL. Proximal tip of ray to upper left corner. a. Ventral view, scale bar 1 mm; b. Detail of middle portion, ventral view, scale bar 200 µm.
Fig. 12
Map of northern and central South America showing the geographical distribution of species of Galeocharax. G. goeldii (blue circles), the black triangle indicates its type locality, G. gulo (red circles), the black square indicates its type locality, and G. humeralis (green circles).
Fig. 13
Galeocharax gulo. a. MZUSP 110473, 148.2 mm SL. Peru, Huánuco, río Ucayali basin, río Huallaga; b. UNT 2689, 88.3 mm SL. Brazil, Tocantins, rio Tocantins basin, rio Maranhão, and c. MZUSP 10558-83, 119.1 mm SL. Brasil, São Paulo, upper rio Paraná basin, rio Pardo.
Fig. 14
Scatter plot of interorbital distance vs. head length of specimens of Galeocharax gulo from rio Amazonas (circles) and upper rio Paraná basins (squares).
Fig. 15
Scatter plot of interorbital distance vs. head length of specimens of Galeocharax gulo from rio Amazonas (circles), upper rio Paraná (squares), río Orinoco (X) and rio Tocantins basins (triangles).
Fig. 16
Scatter plot of orbital diameter vs. head length of specimens of Galeocharax gulo from rio Amazonas (circles) and rio Tocantins basins (triangles).
Fig. 17
Scatter plot of orbital diameter vs. head length of specimens of Galeocharax gulo from the rio Amazonas (circles), upper rio Paraná (squares), río Orinoco (X) and rio Tocantins basins (triangles).
Fig. 18
Holotype of Cynopotamus gulo Cope, ANSP 8053, 73.9 mm SL, Peru, Pebas.
Fig. 19
Scatterplot of body depth vs. standard length of specimens of Galeocharax gulo from rio Amazonas (triangles) and upper rio Paraná (circles) basins.
Fig. 20
Scatter plot of number of teeth on the posterior row of the dentary vs. standard length of specimens of Galeocharax gulo from rio Amazonas (circles) and upper rio Paraná (squares) basins.
Fig. 21
Anterior portion of hyopalatine arch of a. Cynopotamus xinguano, MZUSP 94196, 97.9 mm SL; b. Galeocharax gulo, MZUSP 62839, 127.2 mm SL; c. G. humeralis, MZUSP 19984, 66.0 mm SL; d. G. goeldii, UFRO-I 5468, 77.9 mm SL; e. G. gulo, MZUSP 10480, 88.8 mm SL and f. G. gulo, NUP 3119, 94.4 mm SL. Left side, dorsal view. Black arrows point to regions of articulation of the autopalatine, gray arrows point to area between the articular regions of the autopalatine, white arrows point to lateral projection of the ectopterygoid. Apal - autopalatine; Ect - ectopterygoid; End - endopterygoid; Hyo - hyomandibular; Met - metapterygoid; Qua - quadrate. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 22
Syntypes of Anacyrtus (Cynopotamus) knerii Steindachner, NMW 62660, a. 210.5 mm SL, and b. 161.1 mm SL (Oriçanga, São Paulo).
Fig. 23
Galeocharax humeralis. a. MZUSP 78865, 124.3 mm SL. Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Paraguai basin, rio Cachoeirinha, and b. MZUSP 89961, 187.4 mm SL. Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Paraguai basin, rio Sepotuba.
Fig. 24
Holotype of Hydrocyon humeralis Valenciennes, MNHN 9848, 117.6 mm SL.
Tab. 1
Frequency distribution of perforated lateral-line scales of species of Galeocharax.
Tab. 2
Frequency distribution of number of scale rows between the dorsal-fin origin and lateral line of species of Galeocharax.
Tab. 3
Frequency distribution of number of scale rows between the pelvic-fin origin and lateral line of species of Galeocharax.
Tab. 4
Morphometric data of species of Galeocharax. SD = standard deviation, Standard length in mm.
Tab. 5
Meristic data of the types of the nominal species of Galeocharax presented by previous authors. A= Valenciennes (1849Valenciennes A. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Paris: P. Bertrand: 1849. vol. 22.); B = Géry & Vu-Tân-Tuê (1963aGéry J, Vu T-T. Définitions de Cynopotamus Val. et genres voisins (Pisces, Characoidei). Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat. 1963a; 35(2):143-150.); C = Cope (1870Cope ED. Contribution to the ichthyology of the Marañon. Proc Am Philos Soc. 1870; 11(81):559-570.); D and G = Géry (1972Géry J. Corrected and suplemented descriptions of certain characoid fishes described by Henry W. Fowler, with revisions of several of their genera. Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ. 1972; 7(1):1-35.); E = Steindachner (1879Steindachner F. Zur Fisch-Fauna des Magdalenen Stromes. Denkschr K Akad Wiss Wien . 1879; 39:19-78.); F = Fowler (1913Fowler HW. Fishes of the Madeira River, Brasil. Proc Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia . 1913; 65(3):517-579.); H = Menezes (2007aMenezes NA. Charax goeldii Fowler, 1913 a valid species of Galeocharax Fowler (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotrop Ichthyol . 2007a; 5(1):21-24.).
Tab. 6
Morphometric data of specimens of Galeocharax
gulo from rio Amazonas, upper rio Paraná and rio Tocantins basins. SD = standard deviation. Standard length in mm.
Tab. 7
Morphometric data of specimens of Galeocharax
gulo from río Orinoco, rio Tapajós and rio Oyapok basins. SD = standard deviation. Standard length in mm.
Table 8
Frequency distribution of number of scale rows between the dorsal-fin origin and lateral line of specimens of Galeocharax gulo from various drainages.
Tab. 9
Frequency distribution of number of scale rows between the lateral line and the pelvic-fin origin of specimens of Galeocharax gulo from various drainages.
Tab. 10
Frequency distribution of number of maxillary teeth of specimens of Galeocharax
gulo from various drainages.
Tab. 11
Frequency distribution of the number of branched anal-fin rays of specimens of Galeocharax
gulo from various drainages.
Tab. 12
Frequency distribution of the total number of vertebrae of specimens of Galeocharax
gulo from various drainages.
Tab. 13
Meristic characters of specimens of Galeocharax from the rio Tapajós basin.
Tab. 14
Frequency distribution of the number of teeth on the posterior row of the dentary of specimens of Galeocharax
gulo from various drainages.
Tab. 15
Frequency distribution of the number of perforated lateral-line scales of specimens of Galeocharax gulo from various drainages.
Tab. 16
Frequency distribution of the number of scale rows around the caudal-peduncle of specimens of Galeocharax
gulo from various drainages.