Histopathological alterations in <i><i>Astyanax bifasciatus</i></i> (Teleostei: Characidae) correlated with land uses of surroundings of streams

Nimet, Jardel; Amorim, João Paulo de Arruda; Delariva, Rosilene Luciana

doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20170129

Jardel Nimet

Programa de Pós-graduação em Conservação e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária 2069, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil. (JN) jardelnimet@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6358-2421 (corresponding author), (RLD) rosilene.delariva@unioeste.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6358-2421

João Paulo de Arruda Amorim

Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária 2069, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil. amorimjpa@yahoo.com.br

Rosilene Luciana Delariva

Programa de Pós-graduação em Conservação e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária 2069, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil. (JN) jardelnimet@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6358-2421 (corresponding author), (RLD) rosilene.delariva@unioeste.br

Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária 2069, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil. amorimjpa@yahoo.com.br

Thumbnail

Fig. 1
Area of study highlighted from the hydrographic map of the State of Paraná. Letters indicate the sampled streams: a. F1 Forest area (Lajeado Stream); b. F2 Forest area (Pedregulho Stream); c. R1 rural area (Cacula Stream); d. R2 rural area (Avenca Stream); e. U1 urban area (Aparecida Stream); f. U2 urban area (Adelaide Stream).

Thumbnail

Fig. 2
Photomicrograph of gills of Astyanax bifasciatus from streams of the basin of the lower Iguaçu River. a. Normal aspect of gill in forest stream (F1), F - filament, L - lamellae. b. Lamellar oedema (arrows) in forest stream (F2). c. Lamellar aneurysm (*) in urban stream (U1). d. Lamellar hyperplasia (arrows) in rural stream (R2). e. Lamellar hyperplasia (arrows) in highest magnification in rural stream (R2). f. Partial fusion of lamellae (*) in rural stream (R1). g. Epithelium rupture and hemorrhage (arrow) in urban stream (U2). h. Mitochondria-rich cells hyperplasia (arrow) and mucous cells hyperplasia (head of arrow) in urban stream (U2). a-g. Stained Hematoxylin Harris and eosin. h. Stained toluidine blue.

Thumbnail

Fig. 3
Photomicrograph of liver of Astyanax bifasciatus in streams of the basin of the lower Iguaçu River. a. Normal liver, central vein (CV), and sinusoids capillary (S) in forest stream (F1). b. Tubular arrangement of hepatocytes (H), nucleus (arrow), nucleolus (head of arrow), and centrilobular vein (*) in forest stream (F1); c. Pancreatic tissue (*), presence of eosinophils around the hepatopancreas tissue (arrow) in forest stream (F2). d. Presence of picnotic nucleus (head of arrow) and nuclear hypertrophy (arrow) in rural stream (R2). e. Cytoplasmic degeneration (*), the picnotic nucleus (arrow), the nucleus in a lateral position (head of arrow) in urban stream (U2). f. Picnotic nucleus (head of arrow) and cytoplasmic vacuolization (*) in rural stream (R2). g. Leukocyte infiltration (arrow) in urban stream (U1). h. Melanomacrophage aggregates (arrows) around the central vein (CV) in urban stream (U2). Stained Hematoxylin Harris and eosin.

Thumbnail

Fig. 4
Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) applied in all sampling points on the variables of frequency of histopathological alterations of gills and liver and environmental variables. Legend: canonical function (CF), percentage of area with vegetation (%V), percentage of agricultural area (%A), percentage of urban area (%U), turbidity (TU), conductivity (CO), temperature (TE), dissolved oxygen (DO), lamellar aneurysm (aneu), partial fusion of lamellae (fusa), lamellar hyperplasia (hipe), lamellar oedema (oede), cytoplasmic degeneration (dege), picnotic nucleus (nucp), nucleus in a lateral position (nucl), leukocyte infiltration (infi), cytoplasmic vacuolation (vacu), vascular congestion (cong), nuclear hypertrophy (hipn), melanomacrophages aggregates (mela), forest (f), rural (r), urban (u).

Thumbnail

Tab. 1
Location and classification of streams with different land uses in the basin of the lower Iguaçu River, and physical and chemical characterization of the water. TE= temperature; DO= dissolved oxygen; CO= Conductivity; TU= Turbidity; F = forest; R = Rural; U = Urban. The difference letters represent statistical difference (one-way-ANOVA, Fisher´s post hoc test).

Thumbnail

Tab. 2
Histopathology in the gills and liver of Astyanax bifasciatus sampled in different streams along different land use types in the Iguaçu River basin. F = forest; R = rural; U = urban. 0 absence or lesions up to 10% of the analyzed tissue; 0+ rarely present; + present; ++ frequent; +++ highly frequent. TA = Total abundance; S = Sample size; SL = Standard length (cm) (mean ± SD); W = weight (g) (mean ± SD).

Thumbnail

Streams	Land use % F R U			Surrounding area (Observations)	Latitude (S) Longitude (W)	pH	TE (ºC)	DO (mg/L^-1)	CO (μS cm^-1)	TU (mg/L de SiO₂)
F1 (Lajeado stream) São José basin 2ª order	53	47	0	Forest area composed of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest. Rural area composed of monocultures of corn and soybean (main agrochemicals - organophosphates and carbamates) (IBGE, 2015Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)/ Coordenação de Recursos Naturais e Estudos Ambientais e Coordenação de Geografia. Indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável: Brasil.. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2015. (Estudos e pesquisas; Informação geográfica; No. 10).).	25º02'24,8''S 53º20'35,9''W	7,19±0,01^bc	20,2±0,1^a	7,3±0,1^a	13,1±0,1^e	3,14±0,01^b
F2 (Pedregulho stream) Arquimedes basin 2ª order	75	25	0	Forest area composed of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest. Rural area composed of monocultures of corn and soybean (main agrochemicals - organophosphates and carbamates) (IBGE, 2015Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)/ Coordenação de Recursos Naturais e Estudos Ambientais e Coordenação de Geografia. Indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável: Brasil.. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2015. (Estudos e pesquisas; Informação geográfica; No. 10).).	25º06'06,2''S 53º18'39,8''W	7,01±0,01^ab	21,3±0,3^ab	6,81±0,1^b	27,8±1,1^d	2,8±0,2^c
R1 (Cacula stream) Iguaçu basin 3ªorder	18	78	4	Rural area composed of monoculture (corn and soybean). Main used pesticides (organophosphates and carbamates) (IBGE, 2015Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)/ Coordenação de Recursos Naturais e Estudos Ambientais e Coordenação de Geografia. Indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável: Brasil.. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2015. (Estudos e pesquisas; Informação geográfica; No. 10).). Riparian forest area composed of secondary vegetation.	25º31'15,2''S 53º36'03,3''W	7,21±0,01^bc	23,5±0,8^c	5,77±0,1^d	50,1±1,0^c	2,1±0,1^d
R2 (Avenca stream) Macaco basin 3ª order	31	69	0	Rural area composed of monoculture (corn and soybean). Main used pesticides (organophosphates and carbamates) (IBGE, 2015Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)/ Coordenação de Recursos Naturais e Estudos Ambientais e Coordenação de Geografia. Indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável: Brasil.. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2015. (Estudos e pesquisas; Informação geográfica; No. 10).). Riparian forest area composed of secondary vegetation.	25º21'48,7''S 53º10'19,3''W	6,92±0,3ª	24,2±1,1^c	5,72±0,2^d	67,9±1,5^b	2,3±0,2^d
U1 (Aparecida stream) Monteiro Basin 3ª order	19	40	41	Urban area with waterproofing of the soil and discharge of domestic sewage and water from galleries. Main pollutants present in sewage (drugs, oil, organic matter, insecticides) (*Benatto et al., 2013Benatto A, Rubio C, Jesus DA, Goto DYN, Rubio G, Belmonte I et al., organizadores. Vigilância da saúde de populações expostas a agrotóxicos no Paraná. Curitiba: Secretaria do estado da saúde do Paraná (SESA); 2013.). Rural area composed of monoculture (corn and soybean). Main used pesticides (organophosphates and carbamates) (IBGE, 2015*Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)/ Coordenação de Recursos Naturais e Estudos Ambientais e Coordenação de Geografia. Indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável: Brasil.. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2015. (Estudos e pesquisas; Informação geográfica; No. 10).).	25º28'31,2''S 53º36'52,9''W	7,13±0,1^bc	24,1±1,1^c	5,61±0,1^d	146,6±1,8^a	2,24±0,1^d
U2 (Adelaide stream) Adelaide basin 2ª order	21	48	31	Urban area with waterproofing of the soil and discharge of domestic sewage and water from galleries. Main pollutants present in sewage (drugs, oil, organic matter, insecticides) (*Benatto et al., 2013Benatto A, Rubio C, Jesus DA, Goto DYN, Rubio G, Belmonte I et al., organizadores. Vigilância da saúde de populações expostas a agrotóxicos no Paraná. Curitiba: Secretaria do estado da saúde do Paraná (SESA); 2013.). Rural area composed of monoculture (corn and soybean). Main used pesticides (organophosphates and carbamates) (IBGE, 2015*Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)/ Coordenação de Recursos Naturais e Estudos Ambientais e Coordenação de Geografia. Indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável: Brasil.. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2015. (Estudos e pesquisas; Informação geográfica; No. 10).).	25º12'15,3''S 53º08'56,6''W	7,32±0,1^c	22,9±1,1^bc	6,2±0,1^c	68,6±1,0^b	10,8±0,3^a
p value					0,004	0,006	<0,0001	<0,0001		<0,0001
F					6,1537	5,6724	116,05	726,92		1591,8

Histopathology	Stage	Sampled stream
		TA/S	10/9 n	10/10 n	10/9 n	10/8 n	3/2 n	8/7 n
		SL (cm)	6,7±1,42	7,1±1,3	6,2±1,02	5,7±0,63	3,1±0,14	6,6±1,18
		W (g)	5,6±2,17	7,8±4,83	4,8±2,4	4,2±1,45	0,68±0,31	5,5±1,92
			F1	F2	R1	R2	U1	U2
Gill
Lamellar oedema	I		+ (27.8±12.8)	0+ (12.3±14.8)	++ (53.8±21.6)	0+ (11.6±4.5)	0+ (11.5±4.9)	+ (33.5±24.6)
Lamellar hypertrophy	I		0	0	0	0	0	0
Lamellar hyperplasia	I		0 (1.1±1.8)	0 (2.2±3.5)	0 (7.1±12.6)	0 (4.5±6.8)	0 (1.5±2.1)	0+ (11.3±4.7)
Partial fusion of lamellae	I		0 (0.6±1.7)	0 (2±3.4)	0 (6.3±13.2)	0 (1.1±1.1)	0 (1.5±0.7)	0 (5.8±1.1)
Mucous cell hyperplasia	I		0 (1.6±2.3)	0 (2.7±2.4)	0 (6.1±2.2)	0 (7.5±4.1)	0 (3.5±2.1)	0+ (18.3±12.2)
Mitochondria-rich cells (MRC) hyperplasia	I		0 (2.3±2.1)	0 (2.2±2.4)	0+ (11.4±5.9)	0+ (12.1±3.2)	0+ (15.5±3.5)	+ (32.5±25.4)
Epithelial rupture and hemorrhage	II		0	0	0 (0.2±0.4)	0 (0.3±1.2)	0 (0.7±0.3)	0 (1.7±0.9)
Total fusion of lamellae	II		0	0	0	0	0	0
Lamellar aneurysm	II		0 (1.1±1.2)	0 (0.3±1.1)	0+ (11±7.8)	0+ (12.6±10.7)	0+ (24±7.1)	0+ (11.3±5.8)
Focal necrosis	III		0	0	0	0	0	0
Liver
Nuclear hypertrophy	I		0	0	0 (2.2±3.6)	0 (1.4±2.4)	0	0
Nucleus in a lateral position	I		0	0	0 (5±14.1)	0+(12.1±14.9)	0 (10±14.1)	0+ (11.4±10.6)
Cytoplasmic vacuolation	I		0 (7.2±10.6)	0 (5±9.1)	0+ (23.1±35.7)	+ (32.1±40.3)	0+ (22.5±24.7)	+++ (90±26.4)
Melanomacrophages aggregates	I		0	0	0 (1.2±2.3)	0	0	0 (2.8±4.8)
Leukocyte infiltration	I		0	0 (3.8±3.1)	0 (0.6±1.7)	0 (4.2±3.4)	0+ (15.5±0.7)	0+ (12.1±3.9)
Cytoplasmic degeneration	II		0	0	0	0	0	0+ (11.4±10.6)
Vascular congestion	II		0 (3.8±4.1)	0 (5±5.7)	0+ (11.2±3.5)	0 (6.7±4.7)	0+ (13.5±2.12)	0+ (19.5±14)
Picnotic nucleus	II		0	0	0	0 (1.4±2.4)	0	0 (5.7±3.4)
Focal necrosis	III		0	0	0	0	0	0

Brasil

Brasil

Histopathological alterations in Astyanax bifasciatus (Teleostei: Characidae) correlated with land uses of surroundings of streams

ABSTRACT