Fig. 1
Speculative phylogenetic hypotheses (a, b) concerning the relationships of the Eocene genus Amphiperca and certain percoids within serranids and percichthyids based mainly on an unpublished hypothesis by GD Johnson. Slightly modified from Micklich (1987Micklich N. Neue beiträge zur morphologie, ukologie und systematik messeler knochenfische. I. Die Gattung Amphiperca Weitzel 1933 (Perciformes, Percoidei). Cour Forsh-Inst Senckenberg. 1987; 91:36-96.:fig. 16).
Fig. 2
Phylogenetic hypotheses based on mitochondrial, nuclear and genomics markers concerning the content of Percichthyidae
sensuJohnson (1984Johnson GD. Percoidei: Development and relationships. In: Moser HG, Richards WJ, Cohen DM et al., editors. Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. Amer Soc Ichthyol Herp, Spec. Public. 1. 1984: p.464-498.).
a, Mitogenomic maximum likelihood [ML] tree of
Lavoué et al. (2014Lavoué S, Nakayama K, Jerry DR, Yamanoue Y, Yagishita N, Suzuki N et al. Mitogenomic phylogeny of the Percichthyidae and Centrarchiformes (Percomorphaceae): Comparison with recent nuclear gene-based studies and simultaneous analysis. Gene. 2014; 549(1):46-57.),
b, total evidence ML of Lavoué
et al. (2014),
c,
Sanciangco et al. (2016Sanciangco MD, Carpenter KE, Betancur-R R. Phylogenetic placement of enigmatic percomorph families (Teleostei: Percomorphaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol . 2016; 94:565-76.), and
d,
Betancur-R et al. (2017Betancur-R R, Wiley EO, Arratia G, Acero A, Bailly N, Miya M et al. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evol Biol. 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-...
). Representatives of Percichthyidae are shown in pink,
Percilia irwini (Perciliidae) is shown in light blue and
Macquaria (=
Percalates) is shown in green.
Fig. 3
Percichthys trucha (CAS 79013), type species of the genus in lateral view (a) and current distribution of South American percichthyids (b). Occurrence records downloaded from GBIF.org (https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ivxhrw) and courtesy of Jorge Liotta (Museo de Ciencias Naturales “P. Antonio Scasso”, Argentina).
Fig. 4
Lateral view of specimens of Percichthys. a, Photograph of historical specimen (CAS 70005) collected in southern Chile (Punta Arenas), where the species is currently extinct. b, Percichthys chilensis (CAS 79019) from Maule River, central Chile; c, Percichthys melanops (CAS 70183) from Todos Los Santos Lake, Chile.
Fig. 5
Head of percichthyids in lateral view illustrating the position of the quadrate-mandibular articulation (small arrows) and the extension of the maxillary blade in comparison to the orbit. a, Percichthys trucha from southern Chile, Punta Arenas (CAS 70005); b, Percichthys chilensis from Maule River (CAS 79019); c, Percichthys trucha from Limai River (Argentina; CAS 79015); d, Percichthys colhuapiensis (CAS[SU] 31714) from Buenos Aires Market (Argentina).
Fig. 6
South American fossil percichthyids. a, Percichthys lonquimayensis (SNGM 7656 [old catalogue number IIG MA-21]) under ultraviolet light; b, distribution of fossil percichthyids during the Oligocene-Miocene; fragments preliminarily assigned to percichthyids are from the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene of Bolivia; Cura-Mallín (= Río Pedregoso) Formation after Pedroza et al., 2017Pedroza V, Le Roux JP, Gutierrez NM, Vicencio VE. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and geotermal reservoir potential of the volcaniclastic Cura-Mallin succesion at Lonquimay, Chile. J South Amer Earth Sci. 2017; 77:1-20..
Fig. 7
Percilia gillisi, type species of the genus in lateral view (a) and current distribution of South American perciliids (b). Occurrence records downloaded from GBIF.org (https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.cyqxvf).
Fig. 8
Distribution of Australian percichthyids. (a) Macquaria (= Plectroplites) ambigua (blue circles) and Macquaria australasica (green squares); the Great Divide Range is shown with the black line. (b) Maccullochella species (red hexagons. (c) Macquaria (= Percalates) colonorum (yellow pentagon) and Macquaria (= Percalates) novemaculeata (orange triangle). The illustrated specimens are represented by Macquaria (= Plectroplites) ambigua (CAS-ICH 23516, reversed); Macquaria (= Percalates) novemaculeata (CAS-ICH 20765); and Maccullochella peelii (CAS-ICH 24432). Occurrence records downloaded from GBIF.org (Macquaria, https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.54hpar; Guyu, https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.zwq5wo; Maccullochella, https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.nbei5c).
Fig. 9
Distribution of Australian perciliids. (a) Nannoperca species; the Great Divide Range is shown with the black line. (b) Gadopsis species. (c) Bostockia species. (d) Nannatherina balstoni. The photographs of Nannoperca oxleyana, Gadopsis marmoratus, Bostockia porosa and Nannatherina balstoni downloaded from https://alchetron.com/Nannoperca, https://alchetron.com/River-blackfish, http://www.elena-studio.pp.ua/rybki/bostockiaporosabostockiaporosa and https://alchetron.com/Nannatherina-balstoni respectively. Ocurrence records downloaded from GBIF.org (Nannoperca, https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.iwbzpw; Gadopsis, https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.zrqq94; Bostockia, https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.1pyyzi and Nannatherina https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.mmxz15).
Fig. 10
Scale structure. a, ctenoid scale of Percichthys chilensis from the dorsal region of the trunk, posterior to the pectoral girdle; b, detail of the posterior region of the scale showing needle-like ctenii and amputated ctenii (some are indicated by arrows); c, detail of a ctenoid scale of Percilia gillisi from the dorsal region of the trunk, posterior to the pectoral girdle; d, cycloid scale on the head and/or body of some percichthyids. af = anterior field; ct = ctenii; fc = focus; pf = posterior field; rd = radii.
Fig. 11
Anterior section of the head of certain percomorphaceans in lateral view; arrow points to the position of the anterior margin of the lower jaw. a, Morone chrysops (KU:KUI 22669); b, Macquaria (= Percalates) colonorum (CAS 24427); c, Percichthys colhuapiensis (CAS 31614); d, Macquaria (= Plectroplites) ambigua (CAS 24429).
Fig. 12
More anterior sections of percomorphacean heads in lateral view; arrow points to the position of the anterior margin of the lower jaw. a
, Maccullochella macquarensis (CAS 20790); b, Macquaria australasica (CAS[SU]) 20971; c, Percichthys melanops (CAS 1555); d, Percilia gillissi (KU:KUI 19243).
Fig. 13
Position of the quadrate-mandibular articulation-indicated by arrows-in certain percomorphaceans with the mouth open. a, Morone saxatilis (KU:KUI 18212); b, Percichthys colhuapiensis (KU:KUI uncat.); c, Percichthys melanops (USNM 312977); d, Percilia gillissi (KU:KUI 19241). ang-ar = anguloarticular; de = dentary; fr = frontal bone of traditional terminology; io1 = infraorbital 1; max = maxilla; na = nasal bone; pmx = premaxilla; rar = retroarticular; smax = supramaxilla.
Fig. 14
Anterior part of the head in ventral view illustrating the position of depressions (darker oval or round regions) and slit-like pores of the mandibular canal in certain percomorphaceans. Small, round pores are indicated by arrows. a, Morone chryssops (KU:KUI 22699); b, Macquaria (= Percalates) colonorum (CAS 24427); c,
Percichthys colhuapiensis (KU:KUI uncat.).
Fig. 15
More anterior parts of the head in ventral view illustrating the position of depressions (darker oval or round regions) and slit-like pores of the mandibular canal in certain percomorphaceans. Small, round pores are indicated by arrows. a, Maccullochella macquariensis (CAS 20790); b, Percichthys melanops (CAS 15555); c, Percilia gillissi (KU:KUI 19423).
Fig. 16
Lower jaws in lateral view illustrating the trajectory of the mandibular sensory canal (oblique lines) and its pores and their sizes (in black). a, Percilia gillissi; b, Bostockia porosa (USNM 218841); c, Percichthys chilensis; a and c modified from Arratia (1982Arratia G. A review of freshwater percoids from South America (Pisces, Osteichthyes, Perciformes, Percichthyidae, and Perciliidae). Abh Senckenb Naturforsch Ges 1982; 540:1-52.). ang-ar = anguloarticular; de = dentary; p1-6 = pores 1-6; rar = retroarticular.
Fig. 17
Infraorbital bones and jaws in lateral view. a, Nannatherina balstoni (USNM 289205); b, Gadopsis marmoratus (USNM 308109); c, Nannoperca australis (USNM 218043); d, Bostockia porosa (USNM 218841). ang-ar = anguloarticular; de = dentary; io1 = infraorbital 1; max = maxilla; pmx = premaxilla; rar = retroarticular; smax = supramaxilla.
Fig. 18
Palatine or auto + dermopalatine and associated bones in (a) Percichthys melanops (USNM 312977) and (b) Percilia gillissi (KUI:KU 19241). apa+dpa = auto plus dermopalatine or palatine; fr = frontal bone of traditional terminology; lat.et = lateral ethmoid; l.na-max = ligament extending between nasal and maxilla; max = maxilla; met = mesethmoid; na = nasal bone; pmx = premaxilla; ro.c = rostral cartilage; smax = supramaxilla; vo = vomer.
Fig. 19
Caudal skeleleton in lateral view. a, Percichthys chilensis (slightly modified from Arratia, 1982Arratia G. A review of freshwater percoids from South America (Pisces, Osteichthyes, Perciformes, Percichthyidae, and Perciliidae). Abh Senckenb Naturforsch Ges 1982; 540:1-52.). b, Nannatherina balstoni (USNM 289205). CC = compound terminal centrum; E1-3 = epurals 1-3; H1, H5 = hypural 1, 5; PH, parhypural; ST = modified uroneural or stegural; UN2 = second uroneural (numeration of uroneural does not imply homology).
Fig. 20
Semi-diagrammatic illustrations of the adductor mandibulae and dilatator opercula muscles in certain percomorphaceans. a, Morone chrysops (KU:KUI 22669); b, Macquaria (= Percalates) colonorum (CAS 20786); c, Maccullochella macquarensis (CAS 20790) and Percichthys colhuapiensis; d, Percilia gillissi (KU:KUI 19243); e, Percichthys melanops (CAS 70006); f, Macquaria (= Plectroplites) ambigua (CAS 24429); g, Macquaria australasica (CAS 20971). bp.m = bucco-palatal membranes with embedded ligaments; d.lap = division of levator arcus palatini that covers laterally the dilatator operculi muscle; d.op = dorsalis opercularis muscle; l.ap = levator opercularis muscle; rmal = ricto-retromalaris muscle; pmal = promalaris or inner section of adductor mandibulae; pop = preopercle; ri = rictalis muscle; sl.ap = subdivision of levator arcus palatini muscle; t = tendon.
Fig. 21
Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships of South American and Australian percichthyids and perciliids based on 54 morphological characters.
Fig. 22
Mitogenomic maximum likelihood tree of Percichthyidae
sensuLavoué et al. (2014Lavoué S, Nakayama K, Jerry DR, Yamanoue Y, Yagishita N, Suzuki N et al. Mitogenomic phylogeny of the Percichthyidae and Centrarchiformes (Percomorphaceae): Comparison with recent nuclear gene-based studies and simultaneous analysis. Gene. 2014; 549(1):46-57.) and
Betancur-R et al. (2017Betancur-R R, Wiley EO, Arratia G, Acero A, Bailly N, Miya M et al. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evol Biol. 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-...
) considering newly assembled and available mitogenomic sequences. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support [bs], black circles represent bs = 100 %.