Phytoplankton community structure in one sector of Guanabara Bay (RJ, Brazil) during 2011 and 2012

Rezende, Katia Regina Vieira de; Hatherly, Melissa Medeiros Ferreira; Pimenta, Cristiane Marques Monteiro; Eduardo, Janaina; Vianna, Simone de Castro; Mangiavacchi, Norberto

doi:10.1590/S1679-87592015086506303

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Brazilian Journal of Oceanography

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Original Article • Braz. j. oceanogr. 63 (3) • Jul-Sep 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592015086506303 copy

Phytoplankton community structure in one sector of Guanabara Bay (RJ, Brazil) during 2011 and 2012

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study analyzed the temporal variability of phytoplankton assemblages in the surface waters of Guanabara Bay (RJ, Brazil), at six stations in front of Icaraí Inlet from April/2011 to April/2012. Our results highlight the great contribution of diatoms, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria, represented by 111 taxa typical of estuarine and coastal areas. The coexistence of benthic and planktonic species suggests considerable hydrodinamism in these waters. All variables were homogeneous (p > 0.05) between the stations, but differed between sampling periods. On average, phytoplankton abundance (10⁷ cells.L^-1) was higher than that of other estuaries and its temporal behavior was closely correlated (p < 0.01) with diatoms and cyanobacteria. The richness distribution pattern (7 to 27 taxa) was closely correlated (p < 0.01) with dinoflagellates and diatoms. Ninety per cent of all samples presented a low diversity index (< 2.0 bits.cell^-1), which indicated the unstable balance of the system, typical of environments subjected to eutrophication. The population structure analysis revealed that 10% of all taxa were resident, 12% visitors and 78% accidental, suggesting the influence of continental and oceanic water influxes. Between the "typical" taxa, the most common were the cyanobacteria of the order Oscillatoriales, the diatoms Ceratoneis closterium (=Cylindrotheca closterium) and Leptocylindrus minimus and the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum triestinum.

Descriptors:
Tropical estuary; Temporal variation; Species Diversity; Microphytoplankton

TAXONOMY CATEGORY	Total Occurrence (%) n = 96	Constancy Index	Occurrence by month (n = 13)
			2011						2012
			Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr
Division Bacillariophyta
Class Coscinodiscophyceae
Order Thalassiosirales
Family Thalassiosiraceae
Thalassiosira sp.	18	A	*			*	*		*	*	*			*	*
Family Skeletonemataceae
Skeletonema cf. costatum (Greville) Cleve	25	A	*		*	*			*	*				*	*
Skeletonema sp.	6	A						*	*
Order Paraliales
Family Paraliaceae
Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve	1	A								*
Order Coscinodiscales
Family Coscinodiscaceae
Coscinodiscus sp.	1	A													*
Order Triceratiales
Family Triceratiaceae
Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) C. Agardh	1	A								*
Order Hemiaulales
Family Hemiaulaceae
Cerataulina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey	3	A								*
Eucampia cornuta (Cleve) Grunow	1	A								*
Eucampia sp.	1	A								*
Hemiaulus membranaceus Cleve	1	A								*
Order Rhizosoleniales
Family Rhizosoleniaceae
Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (Bergon) Hasle	1	A													*
Dactyliosolen phuketensis (B. G. Sundstrom) G. R. Hasle	2	A									*
Guinardia flaccida (Castracane) H. Peragallo	1	A		*
Guinardia striata (Stolterfoth) Hasle	2	A				*								*
Guinardia sp.	15	A			*	*		*
Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundstrom	2	A			*										*
Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell	42	V	*			*	*	*	*	*	*			*	*
Rhizosolenia setigera f. pungens(Cleve-Euler) Brunel	2	A									*
Order Chaetocerotales
Family Chaetocerotaceae
Chaetoceros compressus Lauder	3	A								*	*
Chaetoceros curvisetum Cleve	2	A								*
Chaetoceros danicus Cleve	6	A						*		*					*
Chaetoceros radians F. Schutt	2	A						*	*
Chaetoceros socialis H. S. Lauder	1	A													*
Chaetoceros cf. socialisH. S. Lauder	4	A								*
Chaetoceros spp.	15	A		*	*			*		*	*			*
Order Leptocylindrales
Family Leptocylindraceae
Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve	31	V	*		*	*	*		*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Leptocylindrus minimus Gran	76	R	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Class Flagilariophyceae
Order Fragilariales
Family Fragilariaceae
Asterionellopsis glacialis (Castracane) Round	5	A					*		*	*				*
Order Licmophorales
Familia Licmophoraceae
Licmophora sp.	1	A				*
Order Thalassionematales
Familia Thalassionemataceae
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky	5	A				*								*	*
Class Bacillariophyceae
Order Naviculales
Family Phaeodactylaceae
Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin	11	A								*			*	*	*
Family Diploneidaceae
Diploneis sp.	6	A				*	*	*	*
Family Naviculaceae
Complex Tropidoneis	3	A								*
Family Pleurosigmataceae
Complex Pleurosigma/Gyrosigma	4	A		*										*	*
Order Thalassiophysales
Family Catenulaceae
Amphora sp.	1	A					*
Order Bacillariales
Family Bacillariaceae
Complex C. closterium/Nitzschia longissima	7	A				*	*
Ceratoneis closterium Ehrenberg (=Cylindrotheca closterium)	97	R	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Pseudo-nitzschia "complex delicatissima"	14	A	*		*		*	*				*		*
Pseudo-nitzschia "complex seriata”	4	A								*		*		*
Division DINOFLAGELLATA
Class Dinophyceae
Order Gymnodiniales
Family Gymnodiniaceae
Akashiwo sanguinea (K. Hirasaka) G. Hansen & Ø. Moestrup	6	A	*
Amphidinium spp.	27	V	*	*	*	*	*	*	*		*
Gymnodinium spp.	6	A		*
Gyrodinium cf. spirale(Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy	2	A			*
Gyrodinium spp.	2	A			*
Order Gonyaulacales
Family Goniodomaceae
Alexandrium spp.	1	A	*
Order Peridiniales
Family Peridiniaceae
Scrippsiella cf. spinifera G. Honsell & M. Cabrini	2	A	*
Scrippsiella cf. trochoidea (Stein) Balech ex Loeblich III	31	V	*	*	*	*
Scrippsiella sp.	28	V	*		*	*	*	*	*	*	*			*
Family Congruentidiaceae
Protoperidinium cf. bipes(Paulsen) Balech	5	A			*	*	*	*
Protoperidinium cf. steinii (Jorgensen) Balech	1	A				*
Protoperidinium spp.	43	V	*	*	*	*	*	*	*					*	*
Order uncertain
Family Oxytoxaceae
Oxytoxum crassum Schiller	5	A	*		*				*
Oxytoxum cf. gladiolusStein	2	A					*		*
Oxytoxum gracile Schiller	7	A		*		*	*	*			*
Oxytoxum laticeps Schiller	3	A				*			*				*
Oxytoxum scolopax Stein	2	A	*	*
Oxytoxum cf. turboKofoid	1	A					*
Oxytoxum sp.	1	A		*
Order Dinophysiales
Family Dinophysiaceae
Dinophysis acuminata Claparede & Lachmann	9	A	*	*	*	*	*	*		*
Dinophysis fortii Pavillard	3	A	*
Dinophysis sp.	2	A	*							*
Family Oxyphysaceae
Oxyphysis oxytoxoides Kofoid	38	V	*	*	*	*	*	*	*		*		*
Order Prorocentrales
Family Prorocentraceae
Prorocentrum balticum (Lohmann) Loeblich	4	A	*		*									*
Prorocentrum compressum (J. W. Bailey) Abe ex Dodge	2	A		*	*
Prorocentrum dentatum Stein	1	A								*
Prorocentrum gracile Schutt	5	A	*
Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg	47	V	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*		*	*	*	*
Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) J. Schiller	40	V	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*		*	*	*
Prorocentrum scutellum Schroder	2	A	*
Prorocentrum triestinum J. Schiller	79	R	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Prorocentrum sp.	7	A					*		*		*			*
Class Noctiluciphyceae
Order Noctilucales
Family Noctilucaceae
Pronoctiluca pelagica Fabre-Domergue	3	A	*										*
Pronoctiluca spinifera (Lohmann) Schiller	2	A					*		*
Division Chlorophyta	5	A		*			*
Class Euglenophyceae	73	R	*	*	*	*	*	*	*			*	*	*	*
Eutreptiella sp.	1	A	*
Division Cyanophyta
Class Cyanophyceae
Order Nostocales	67	R	*	*	*	*		*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Order Oscillatoriales	91	R	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*

Date	Richness					Abundance					Index
	Total	Diatoms	Dinoflagellates	Cyanobacteria	Chlorophythes	Total	Diatoms	Dinoflagellates	Cyanobacteria	Chlorophythes	Species Diversity	Evenness
Apr1	18	4	12	1	1	35580718	10284643	24712437	410283	173355	0.44	0.15
Apr2	17	2	12	1	1	69754673	45297123	19789149	4639174	29226	0.44	0.15
May1	18	3	13	2	1	4107270	2244201	1392402	430008	40659	0.33	0.14
May2	12	2	6	2	2	6631668	4894936	360093	905809	470830	0.10	0.07
Jun1	19	6	10	2	1	18664938	17702565	189872	486232	286269	1.14	0.42
Jun2	20	5	13	1	1	10407854	9241535	93210	1051068	53111	0.94	0.34
Jul	23	10	11	2	1	56865758	56645156	118060	66902	35640	0.99	0.33
Aug	19	5	12	1	1	28571795	27728657	125740	439361	278036	0.11	0.04
Sep	18	5	9	2	1	13277285	12723868	286800	203216	63401	0.10	0.04
Oct	16	5	8	2	1	10212120	2486926	7372138	246037	107019	1.08	0.37
Nov	18	10	6	1		768861	718381	5652	46713		1.57	0.48
Dec	13	7	4	2		12459305	10876155	1569261	13889		0.16	0.07
Jan	9	3	4	2	1	2728105	1885932	531635	306591	3946	1.03	0.51
Feb	16	5	9	2	1	53614363	10990133	42197291	405632	21308	0.81	0.33
Mar	17	9	6	2	1	2168300	851195	1197935	109175	9996	1.07	0.40
Apr	15	7	5	2	1	1454119	345550	1008292	84125	16152	1.49	0.60

		2011	2012
	Σ	Apr1	Apr2	May1	May2	Jun1	Jun2	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr
DIATOMS
Ceratoneis closterium	1.5 x 10⁸	268795	45288034	2204603	4875816	4900030	6361924	34217077	27582734	12664516	375628		10722583	1450707	107327	15027	34250
Skeletonema cf. costatum	3.7 x 10⁷					12054996	2771530	22341109
Leptocylindrus minimus	2.5 x 10⁷	9827038		24869		488356	13543		97592		1992860	53319	124846	423125	10596338	690848	238276
Rhizosolenia setigera	4.2 x 10⁵										10755	377664	8050			12286	9575
Phaeodactylum tricornutum	2.7 x 10⁵														269895
Guinardia sp.	1.7 x 105					135964	31867
Chaetoceros cf. social is	8.2 x 10⁴											82115
Leptocylindrus danicus	4.3 x 10⁴							13255				14908				14872
Chaetoceros spp.	3.0 x 10⁴											29791
Complex C. closterium/ Nitzschia longissima	2.2 x 10⁴							22222
Pseudo-nitzsch ia " delicatissima complex"	2.2 x 10⁴									22107
Thalassiosira sp.	1.7 x 10⁴											13311	3630
Skeletonema sp.	1.1 x 10⁴									11087
Complex Tropidoneis	1.2 x 10³											1222
MORPHOTYPES
Centric diatom (20-50 μm)	1.1 x 10⁵			7062				20207	24962			61032	947				13048
Pennate diatom (linear; 50-100 μm)	5.9 x 10⁴															58953
Pennate diatom (lanceolate; 20-50 μm)	2.3 x 10⁴									6174						16701
Pennate diatom (linear; 100-150 μm)	1.6 x 104															16464
Pennate diatom (retangular; 20-50 μm)	4.7 x 10⁴							4658
DINOFLAGELLATES
Akashiwo sanguinea	4.2 x 10⁶		4200474
Prorocentrum triestinum	8.2 x 10⁵	51624	36760		30273	116844	254136	7780	119102	45344	93210	23541		23938	8681		10838
Prorocentrum micans	1.8 x 10⁵	126192	6904				27087				18854
Amphidinium spp.	1.4 x 10⁵					99583	25759		12879
Scrippsiella cf. trochoidea	1.2 x 10⁵	11472	69601	5659		21244	15137
Protoperidinium spp.	1.2 x 10⁵			9040		48597	18323	1398	29344	11884
Prorocentrum minimum	8.5 x 104	15774					15402	13283	19120	21776
Gymnodinium sp.	7.5 x 10⁴				74887
Scrippsiella sp.	7.1 x 10⁴								62937	4448		3495
Oxyphysis oxytoxoides	5.2 x 10⁴	15137		7252			5046	2158							22097
Prorocentrum gracile	1.9 x 10⁴	19279
MORPHOTYPES
Order Gymnodiniales (oblong; 50-100 μm)	9.5 x 10⁵		17898	220521	697083	15668
Order Gymnodiniales (oblong; 20-50 μm)	9.2 x 10⁵	33460	52111	59541		47800	452506	9613	26024	23767	12348	7003			125478	44700	23412
Order Gymnodiniales (rounded; 20-50μm)	5.4 x 10⁵	44135	130952	2002				2927	12083			1955	3946	266081	35513	30636
Armoured cell (rounded; 20-50 μm)	5.3 x 105	25971	65873	14080	41427	64530	113923	8003	45941	47269	45012		1578	4998		29679	18309
Order Gymnodiniales (biconic; 20-50 μm)	1.5 x 10⁵			3260			23369	1732							102592		18256
Armoured cell (oblong; 20-50 μm)	1.2 x 10⁵	21510	29852	11468				4520	51119			3657
Order Gymnodiniales (ovoid; 20-50 μm)	9.0 x 10⁴														72603	9079	8733
Order Gymnodiniales (biconic; 50-100 μm)	1.3 x 10⁴			12957
CIANOBACTERIA
Order Oscillatoriales	1.0 x 10⁸	24710047	19786421	1383809	150570	165441	35850	107037	125740	141010	7271626	903	1536905	500332	42182297	1479714	921115
Order Nostocales	7.1 x 10⁵			8593	209523	24431		11023		145790	100513		32356	31304	14994	43369
CHLOROPHYTHES
Unidentified Euglenoficeans	1.5 x 10⁶	171761	29226	40659	402316	286269	53111	35640	242983	63401	107019				21308
Unidentified Cloroficeans	6.9 x 10⁴				68513

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[1] * Corresponding author: katiarvr@gmail.com