Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (<i>sagittae</i>) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part VII: Atheriniformes, Beloniformes, Beryciformes, Zeiformes, Syngnathiformes, Scorpaeniformes and Tetraodontiformes

Conversani, Valéria Regina Martins; Brenha-Nunes, Marina Rito; Santificetur, César; Giaretta, Marcella Bockis; Siliprandi, Carolina Correia; Rossi-Wongtschowski, Carmen Lucia Del Bianco

doi:10.1590/S1679-87592017134306503

Valéria Regina Martins Conversani

Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil)

Marina Rito Brenha-Nunes

Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil)

César Santificetur

Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil)

Marcella Bockis Giaretta

Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil)

Carolina Correia Siliprandi

Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil)

Carmen Lucia Del Bianco Rossi-Wongtschowski ^**Corresponding author: cwongski@usp.br

Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil)

*Corresponding author: cwongski@usp.br

Figures (27)
Tables (54)

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Plate 1
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Atherinella brasiliensis otoliths from fish with total length: A. 32 mm; B. 86 mm; C. 141mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3, C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 2
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Hemiramphus brasiliensis otoliths from fish with total length: A. 116 mm; B. 200 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Sílvia de Almeida Gonsales; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 3
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Hyporhamphus roberti otolith from fish with total length: A. 132 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Sílvia de Almeida Gonsales; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 4
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Hyporhamphus unifasciatus otoliths from fish with total length: A. 116 mm; B. 190 mm; C. 261 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Sílvia de Almeida Gonsales; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 5
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Strongylura marina otoliths from fish with total length: A. 283 mm; B. 621 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 6
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Strongylura timucu right otolith from fish with total length: A. 156 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 7
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Beryx splendens right otoliths from fish with total length: A. 170 mm; B. 314 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 8
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Hoplostethus occidentalis right otoliths from fish with total length: A. 93 mm; B. 169 mm; C. 245 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 9
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi otoliths from fish with total length: A. 68 mm; B. 127 mm; C. 260 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 10
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Zenion hololepis otoliths from fish with total length: A. 56 mm; B. 114 mm; C. 173 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 11
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Macroramphosus scolopax otolith from fish with total length: A. 107 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 12
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Notopogon fernandezianus otolith from fish with total length: A. 161 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 13
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Bellator brachychir otoliths from fish with total length: A. 34 mm; B. 95 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 14
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Prionotus nudigula otoliths from fish with total lengths: A. 68 mm; B. 162 mm; C. 265 mm. The medial face is shown in A1, B1, C1; the lateral face in A2, B2, C2; and the ventral profile in A3, B3, C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 15
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Prionotus punctatus otoliths from fish with total lengths: A. 36 mm; B. 184 mm; C. 391 mm. The medial face is shown in A1, B1, C1; the lateral face in A2, B2, C2; and the ventral profile in A3, B3, C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat;

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Plate 16
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Dactylopterus volitans otoliths from fish with total lengths: A. 65 mm; B. 192 mm; C. 272 mm. The medial face is shown in A1, B1, C1; the lateral face in A2, B2, C2; and the ventral profile in A3, B3, C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 17
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Helicolenus lahillei otoliths from fish with total lengths: A. 75 mm; B. 260 mm; C. 462 mm. The medial face is shown in A1, B1, C1; the lateral face in A2, B2, C2; and the ventral profile in A3, B3, C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 18
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Peristedion altipinne otolith from fish with total lengths: A. 124 mm; B. 258 mm. The medial face is shown in A1, B1; the lateral face in A2, B2; and the ventral profile in A3, B3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 19
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Pontinus rathbuni otolith from fish with total length: A. 97 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Vanessa Sugihara; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 20
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Scorpaena dispar right otoliths from fish with total lengths: A. 38 mm; B. 129 mm. The medial face is shown in A1, B1; the lateral face in A2, B2; and the ventral profile in A3, B3 (Illustration: Vanessa Sugihara; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 21
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Setarches guentheri otoliths from fish with total lengths: A. 43 mm; B. 148 mm; C. 254 mm. The medial face is shown in A1, B1, C1; the lateral face in A2, B2, C2; and the ventral profile in A3, B3, C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 22
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Chilomycterus spinosus otolith from fish with total length: A. 52 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 23
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Diodon holocanthus otolith from fish with total length: A. 111 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 24
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Lagocephalus laevigatus right otolith from fish with total length: A. 144 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 25
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Sphoeroides greeleyi otoliths from fish with total lengths: A. 78 mm; B. 145 mm. The medial face is shown in A1, B1; the lateral face in A2, B2; and the ventral profile in A3, B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 26
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Sphoeroides testudineus otoliths from fish with total lengths: A. 94 mm; B. 212 mm. The medial face is shown in A1, B1; the lateral face in A2, B2; and the ventral profile in A3, B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Plate 27
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Stephanolepis hispidus otoliths from fish with total lengths: A. 37 mm; B. 195 mm. The medial face is shown in A1, B1; the lateral face in A2, B2; and the ventral profile in A3, B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

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Atherinella brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1825) - Plate 1

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.99±0.27 2.64 4.21 OH/OL (%) 60.52±2.85 53.52 68.54 OT/OL (%) 19.41±2.28 16.38 29.21 OT/OH (%) 32.06±3.18 25.82 43.55 Circularity 16.76±1.41 14.82 20.72 Rectangularity 0.73±0.02 0.69 0.77

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Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus 1758) - Plate 2

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.20±0.14 1.92 2.51 OH/OL (%) 70.44±3.03 66.42 76.10 OT/OL (%) 16.68±1.09 15.38 19.18 OT/OH (%) 23.69±1.35 21.53 25.93 Circularity 16.14±4.64 0.97 18.77 Rectangularity 0.72±0.02 0.69 0.76

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Hyporhamphus roberti (Valenciennes 1847) - Plate 3

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.01±0 2.01 2.01 OH/OL (%) 63.77±0 63.77 63.77 OT/OL (%) 16.23±0 16.23 16.23 OT/OH (%) 25.44±0 25.44 25.44 Circularity 14.97±0 14.97 14.97 Rectangularity 0.71±0 0.71 0.71

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Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani 1841) - Plate 4

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.28±0.17 2.05 2.93 OH/OL (%) 67.86±3.76 59.02 74.86 OT/OL (%) 16.22±0.98 14.47 18.40 OT/OH (%) 23.95±1.59 20.66 28.42 Circularity 17.45±1.24 15.16 22.51 Rectangularity 0.71±0.02 0.67 0.75

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Strongylura marina (Walbaum 1792) - Plate 5

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 0.91±0.02 0.88 0.93 OH/OL (%) 55.39±3.44 49.82 59.16 OT/OL (%) 14.29±1.31 12.09 15.22 OT/OH (%) 25.79±1.58 23.87 27.10 Circularity 23.48±1.83 21.62 26.47 Rectangularity 0.72±0.02 0.70 0.76

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Strongylura timucu (Walbaum 1792) - Plate 6

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.15±0.07 1.12 1.23 OH/OL (%) 55.32±2.39 53.01 57.78 OT/OL (%) 16.86±2.45 14.37 19.26 OT/OH (%) 30.44±3.87 26.04 33.33 Circularity 15.49±0.22 15.27 15.70 Rectangularity 0.76±0.02 0.75 0.78

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Beryx splendens Lowe 1834 - Plate 7

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 4.58±0.29 3.87 5.19 OH/OL (%) 71.40±3.14 66.18 77.88 OT/OL (%) 11.27±1.45 9.19 14.78 OT/OH (%) 15.79±1.95 12.40 20.29 Circularity 21.44±1.61 18.39 24.29 Rectangularity 0.66±0.02 0.61 0.72

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Hoplostethus occidentalis Woods 1973 - Plate 8

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 6.23±0.27 5.60 6.91 OH/OL (%) 73.66±3.47 66.58 81.35 OT/OL (%) 16.92±1.63 13.91 20.59 OT/OH (%) 23.03±2.51 17.57 27.61 Circularity 20.95±1.7 18.27 25.86 Rectangularity 0.63±0.03 0.55 0.69

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Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi Gilchrist 1922 - Plate 9

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.78±0.22 0.95 2.20 OH/OL (%) 102.58±5.01 90.91 112.98 OT/OL (%) 23.33±2.73 18.95 34.35 OT/OH (%) 22.74±2.27 18.75 30.41 Circularity 21.80±2.95 1.85 27.02 Rectangularity 0.65±0.02 0.59 0.70

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Zenion hololepis (Goode & Bean 1896) - Plate 10

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 3.59±0.66 2.29 4.95 OH/OL (%) 85.62±8.53 71.84 101.01 OT/OL (%) 20.68±1.57 17.97 23.46 OT/OH (%) 24.27±1.85 21.50 29.78 Circularity 19.64±3.57 15.28 28.40 Rectangularity 0.72±0.05 0.62 0.79

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Macroramphosus scolopax (Linnaeus 1758) - Plate 11

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Shape índices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.55±1.54 1.05 4.13 OH/OL (%) 95.37±9.44 88.09 106.04 OT/OL (%) 23.24±6.78 18.49 31.00 OT/OH (%) 24.69±8.27 17.44 33.70 Circularity 15.70±0.51 15.16 16.18 Rectangularity 0.67±0.03 0.63 0.69

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Notopogon fernandezianus (Delfin 1899) - Plate 12

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.07±0.17 0.93 1.34 OH/OL (%) 102.44±5.58 95.65 109.86 OT/OL (%) 46.97±7.05 38.79 57.63 OT/OH (%) 46.09±8.28 35.90 58.96 Circularity 19.34±1.71 17.65 21.60 Rectangularity 0.61±0.03 0.57 0.65

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Bellator brachychir (Regan 1914) - Plate 13

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Shape índices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 3.64±0.28 3.22 4.21 OH/OL (%) 66.51±5.17 60.12 77.43 OT/OL (%) 20.61±3.62 17.14 29.10 OT/OH (%) 31.23±6.59 25.14 46.99 Circularity 14.49±0.5 13.77 15.33 Rectangularity 0.71±0.02 0.67 0.75

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Prionotus nudigula Ginsburg 1950 - Plate 14

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 3.47±1.43 1.85 7.47 OH/OL (%) 63.50±3.55 54.24 70.36 OT/OL (%) 17.29±1.91 11.72 22.70 OT/OH (%) 27.30±3.2 18.51 34.93 Circularity 14.65±0.44 13.87 16.60 Rectangularity 0.73±0.02 0.68 0.77

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Prionotus punctatus (Bloch 1793) - Plate 15

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Shape índices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 3.23±0.39 2.36 4.19 OH/OL (%) 66.15±2.36 59.61 71.02 OT/OL (%) 14.84±2.23 10.17 20.23 OT/OH (%) 22.43±3.27 16.34 30.17 Circularity 18.66±2.29 14.30 24.40 Rectangularity 0.69±0.02 0.66 0.73

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Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus 1758) - Plate 16

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.15±0.19 0.77 1.65 OH/OL (%) 77.04±5.8 63.27 95.24 OT/OL (%) 31.82±3.7 25.28 44.44 OT/OH (%) 41.30±3.58 33.85 52.83 Circularity 16.66±2.5 13.38 25.13 Rectangularity 0.71±0.03 0.62 0.80

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Helicolenus lahillei Norman 1937 - Plate 17

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 4.08±0.5 2.78 5.38 OH/OL (%) 53.44±2.69 46.35 60.19 OT/OL (%) 14.64±2.2 11.62 23.15 OT/OH (%) 27.46±4.4 21.72 44.23 Circularity 18.07±1.73 15.82 24.49 Rectangularity 0.66±0.02 0.59 0.70

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Peristedion altipinne (Regan 1903) - Plate 18

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.79±0.16 1.49 2.38 OH/OL (%) 73.32±5.38 60.13 84.15 OT/OL (%) 20.47±2.00 17.13 25.88 OT/OH (%) 28.01±2.9 22.83 35.38 Circularity 14.96±1.06 13.44 18.67 Rectangularity 0.71±0.02 0.65 0.76

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Pontinus rathbuni Goode & Bean 1896 - Plate 19

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 5.43±0 5.43 5.43 OH/OL (%) 54.27±0 54.27 54.27 OT/OL (%) 19.54±0 19.54 19.54 OT/OH (%) 36.01±0 36.01 36.01 Circularity 16.02±0 16.02 16.02 Rectangularity 0.68±0 0.68 0.68

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Scorpaena dispar Longley & Hildebrand 1940 - Plate 20

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Shape índices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 5.97±0.57 5.57 6.37 OH/OL (%) 53.58±5.46 49.72 57.44 OT/OL (%) 22.13±8.45 16.16 28.10 OT/OH (%) 40.71±11.62 32.49 48.92 Circularity 15.97±1.25 15.09 16.85 Rectangularity 0.68±0.03 0.66 0.70

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Setarches guentheri Johnson 1862 - Plate 21

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 4.83±0.38 3.05 5.88 OH/OL (%) 61.51±5.96 34.38 73.47 OT/OL (%) 18.59±2.57 13.76 25.44 OT/OH (%) 30.32±3.9 23.42 58.04 Circularity 17.73±2.33 4.61 23.95 Rectangularity 0.67±0.06 0.62 0.72

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Chilomycterus spinosus (Linnaeus 1758) - Plate 22

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 0.85±0.16 0.62 1.19 OH/OL (%) 117.93±10.21 96.10 135.71 OT/OL (%) 44.61±6.19 33.33 54.76 OT/OH (%) 37.97±5.49 29.41 47.92 Circularity 14.49±1.56 13.16 17.87 Rectangularity 0.76±0.06 0.68 0.85

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Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus 1758 - Plate 23

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 0.70±0.05 0.67 0.74 OH/OL (%) 131.84±14.21 121.79 141.89 OT/OL (%) 54.02±3.87 51.28 56.76 OT/OH (%) 41.05±1.49 40.00 42.11 Circularity 15.22±0.54 14.83 15.60 Rectangularity 0.76±0.05 0.73 0.80

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Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus 1766) - Plate 24

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 0.53±0 0.53 0.53 OH/OL (%) 103.95±0 103.95 103.95 OT/OL (%) 32.89±0 32.89 32.89 OT/OH (%) 31.65±0 31.65 31.65 Circularity 21.27±0 21.27 21.27 Rectangularity 0.65±0 0.65 0.65

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Sphoeroides greeleyi Gilbert 1900 - Plate 25

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Shape índices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.05±0.12 0.74 1.26 OH/OL (%) 89.63±5.72 80.95 105.06 OT/OL (%) 39.18±4.43 32.11 49.37 OT/OH (%) 43.69±3.83 36.08 51.76 Circularity 17.91±4.63 14.00 33.33 Rectangularity 0.65±0.05 0.52 0.71

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Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus 1758) - Plate 26

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.10±0.49 0.75 1.45 OH/OL (%) 87.28±3.85 84.56 90.00 OT/OL (%) 32.46±12.32 23.75 41.18 OT/OH (%) 37.54±15.77 26.39 48.70 Circularity 16.48±1.13 15.68 17.28 Rectangularity 0.64±0 0.64 0.64

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Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus 1766) - Plate 27

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.10±0.31 0.70 1.46 OH/OL (%) 112.93±10.68 98.54 121.43 OT/OL (%) 34.52±3.23 32.12 39.29 OT/OH (%) 30.64±2.32 27.63 32.59 Circularity 18.51±5.61 15.22 26.90 Rectangularity 0.69±0.05 0.63 0.74

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	2.99±0.27	2.64	4.21
OH/OL (%)	60.52±2.85	53.52	68.54
OT/OL (%)	19.41±2.28	16.38	29.21
OT/OH (%)	32.06±3.18	25.82	43.55
Circularity	16.76±1.41	14.82	20.72
Rectangularity	0.73±0.02	0.69	0.77

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	2.20±0.14	1.92	2.51
OH/OL (%)	70.44±3.03	66.42	76.10
OT/OL (%)	16.68±1.09	15.38	19.18
OT/OH (%)	23.69±1.35	21.53	25.93
Circularity	16.14±4.64	0.97	18.77
Rectangularity	0.72±0.02	0.69	0.76

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	2.01±0	2.01	2.01
OH/OL (%)	63.77±0	63.77	63.77
OT/OL (%)	16.23±0	16.23	16.23
OT/OH (%)	25.44±0	25.44	25.44
Circularity	14.97±0	14.97	14.97
Rectangularity	0.71±0	0.71	0.71

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	2.28±0.17	2.05	2.93
OH/OL (%)	67.86±3.76	59.02	74.86
OT/OL (%)	16.22±0.98	14.47	18.40
OT/OH (%)	23.95±1.59	20.66	28.42
Circularity	17.45±1.24	15.16	22.51
Rectangularity	0.71±0.02	0.67	0.75

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	0.91±0.02	0.88	0.93
OH/OL (%)	55.39±3.44	49.82	59.16
OT/OL (%)	14.29±1.31	12.09	15.22
OT/OH (%)	25.79±1.58	23.87	27.10
Circularity	23.48±1.83	21.62	26.47
Rectangularity	0.72±0.02	0.70	0.76

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	1.15±0.07	1.12	1.23
OH/OL (%)	55.32±2.39	53.01	57.78
OT/OL (%)	16.86±2.45	14.37	19.26
OT/OH (%)	30.44±3.87	26.04	33.33
Circularity	15.49±0.22	15.27	15.70
Rectangularity	0.76±0.02	0.75	0.78

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	4.58±0.29	3.87	5.19
OH/OL (%)	71.40±3.14	66.18	77.88
OT/OL (%)	11.27±1.45	9.19	14.78
OT/OH (%)	15.79±1.95	12.40	20.29
Circularity	21.44±1.61	18.39	24.29
Rectangularity	0.66±0.02	0.61	0.72

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	6.23±0.27	5.60	6.91
OH/OL (%)	73.66±3.47	66.58	81.35
OT/OL (%)	16.92±1.63	13.91	20.59
OT/OH (%)	23.03±2.51	17.57	27.61
Circularity	20.95±1.7	18.27	25.86
Rectangularity	0.63±0.03	0.55	0.69

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	1.78±0.22	0.95	2.20
OH/OL (%)	102.58±5.01	90.91	112.98
OT/OL (%)	23.33±2.73	18.95	34.35
OT/OH (%)	22.74±2.27	18.75	30.41
Circularity	21.80±2.95	1.85	27.02
Rectangularity	0.65±0.02	0.59	0.70

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	3.59±0.66	2.29	4.95
OH/OL (%)	85.62±8.53	71.84	101.01
OT/OL (%)	20.68±1.57	17.97	23.46
OT/OH (%)	24.27±1.85	21.50	29.78
Circularity	19.64±3.57	15.28	28.40
Rectangularity	0.72±0.05	0.62	0.79

Shape índices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	2.55±1.54	1.05	4.13
OH/OL (%)	95.37±9.44	88.09	106.04
OT/OL (%)	23.24±6.78	18.49	31.00
OT/OH (%)	24.69±8.27	17.44	33.70
Circularity	15.70±0.51	15.16	16.18
Rectangularity	0.67±0.03	0.63	0.69

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	1.07±0.17	0.93	1.34
OH/OL (%)	102.44±5.58	95.65	109.86
OT/OL (%)	46.97±7.05	38.79	57.63
OT/OH (%)	46.09±8.28	35.90	58.96
Circularity	19.34±1.71	17.65	21.60
Rectangularity	0.61±0.03	0.57	0.65

Shape índices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	3.64±0.28	3.22	4.21
OH/OL (%)	66.51±5.17	60.12	77.43
OT/OL (%)	20.61±3.62	17.14	29.10
OT/OH (%)	31.23±6.59	25.14	46.99
Circularity	14.49±0.5	13.77	15.33
Rectangularity	0.71±0.02	0.67	0.75

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	3.47±1.43	1.85	7.47
OH/OL (%)	63.50±3.55	54.24	70.36
OT/OL (%)	17.29±1.91	11.72	22.70
OT/OH (%)	27.30±3.2	18.51	34.93
Circularity	14.65±0.44	13.87	16.60
Rectangularity	0.73±0.02	0.68	0.77

Shape índices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	3.23±0.39	2.36	4.19
OH/OL (%)	66.15±2.36	59.61	71.02
OT/OL (%)	14.84±2.23	10.17	20.23
OT/OH (%)	22.43±3.27	16.34	30.17
Circularity	18.66±2.29	14.30	24.40
Rectangularity	0.69±0.02	0.66	0.73

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	1.15±0.19	0.77	1.65
OH/OL (%)	77.04±5.8	63.27	95.24
OT/OL (%)	31.82±3.7	25.28	44.44
OT/OH (%)	41.30±3.58	33.85	52.83
Circularity	16.66±2.5	13.38	25.13
Rectangularity	0.71±0.03	0.62	0.80

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	4.08±0.5	2.78	5.38
OH/OL (%)	53.44±2.69	46.35	60.19
OT/OL (%)	14.64±2.2	11.62	23.15
OT/OH (%)	27.46±4.4	21.72	44.23
Circularity	18.07±1.73	15.82	24.49
Rectangularity	0.66±0.02	0.59	0.70

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	1.79±0.16	1.49	2.38
OH/OL (%)	73.32±5.38	60.13	84.15
OT/OL (%)	20.47±2.00	17.13	25.88
OT/OH (%)	28.01±2.9	22.83	35.38
Circularity	14.96±1.06	13.44	18.67
Rectangularity	0.71±0.02	0.65	0.76

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	5.43±0	5.43	5.43
OH/OL (%)	54.27±0	54.27	54.27
OT/OL (%)	19.54±0	19.54	19.54
OT/OH (%)	36.01±0	36.01	36.01
Circularity	16.02±0	16.02	16.02
Rectangularity	0.68±0	0.68	0.68

Shape índices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	5.97±0.57	5.57	6.37
OH/OL (%)	53.58±5.46	49.72	57.44
OT/OL (%)	22.13±8.45	16.16	28.10
OT/OH (%)	40.71±11.62	32.49	48.92
Circularity	15.97±1.25	15.09	16.85
Rectangularity	0.68±0.03	0.66	0.70

Maximum Size:	250 mm (TL) (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ), but attaining 255 mm in our collection.
Distribution:	Eastern and Western Atlantic, from USA to Southern Brazil. Also occurs in the Indo-West and Eastern Pacific (FIGUEIREDO et al., 2002FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; SANTOS, A. P.; YAMAGUTI, N.; BERNARDES, R. A.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: EDUSP: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2002. 242 p.; MENEZES et al., 2003MENEZES, N. A.; BUCKUP, P. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MOURA, R. L. (Eds.). Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. 160 p.).
Habitat:	Inhabits offshore waters living on or near to the bottom (FIGUEIREDO et al., 2002FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; SANTOS, A. P.; YAMAGUTI, N.; BERNARDES, R. A.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: EDUSP: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2002. 242 p.).
Diet:	Feeds mainly on bathypelagic crustaceans (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Collection:	944 otoliths from 477 fishes (TL ranging from 43 to 255 mm).
Sample:	100 left otoliths categorized into 11, 20 mm classes (40 to 240 mm).

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	4.83±0.38	3.05	5.88
OH/OL (%)	61.51±5.96	34.38	73.47
OT/OL (%)	18.59±2.57	13.76	25.44
OT/OH (%)	30.32±3.9	23.42	58.04
Circularity	17.73±2.33	4.61	23.95
Rectangularity	0.67±0.06	0.62	0.72

Maximum Size:	350 mm (TL) (BERNARDES et al., 2005BERNARDES, R. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; RODRIGUES, A. R.; FISCHER, L. G.; VOOREN, C. M.; HAIMOVICI, M.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da Zona Exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2005. p. 304.).
Distribution:	Southwest Atlantic, from Bahia to Argentina (MENEZES et al., 2003MENEZES, N. A.; BUCKUP, P. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MOURA, R. L. (Eds.). Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. 160 p.; FIGUEIREDO et al., 2002FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; SANTOS, A. P.; YAMAGUTI, N.; BERNARDES, R. A.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: EDUSP: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2002. 242 p.).
Habitat:	Found on estuarine waters to 190 m depth (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 2000FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. VI. Teleostei (5). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. 116 p.).
Diet:	Feeds mainly on invertebrates (bivalves, barnacles, polychaetes) (ALMEIDA-SILVA et al., 2015ALMEIDA-SILVA, P. H.; TUBINO, R. A.; ZAMBRANO, L. C.; HUNDER, D. A.; GARRITANO, S. R.; MONTEIRO-NETO, C. Trophic ecology and food consumption of fishes in a hypersaline tropical lagoon. J. Fish Biol., v. 86, n. 6, p. 1781-1795, 2015.).
Collection:	150 otoliths from 86 fishes (TL ranging from 40 to 190 mm).
Sample:	13 left otoliths categorized into 3, 20 mm classes (40 to 80 mm).

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	0.85±0.16	0.62	1.19
OH/OL (%)	117.93±10.21	96.10	135.71
OT/OL (%)	44.61±6.19	33.33	54.76
OT/OH (%)	37.97±5.49	29.41	47.92
Circularity	14.49±1.56	13.16	17.87
Rectangularity	0.76±0.06	0.68	0.85

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	0.70±0.05	0.67	0.74
OH/OL (%)	131.84±14.21	121.79	141.89
OT/OL (%)	54.02±3.87	51.28	56.76
OT/OH (%)	41.05±1.49	40.00	42.11
Circularity	15.22±0.54	14.83	15.60
Rectangularity	0.76±0.05	0.73	0.80

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	0.53±0	0.53	0.53
OH/OL (%)	103.95±0	103.95	103.95
OT/OL (%)	32.89±0	32.89	32.89
OT/OH (%)	31.65±0	31.65	31.65
Circularity	21.27±0	21.27	21.27
Rectangularity	0.65±0	0.65	0.65

Shape índices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	1.05±0.12	0.74	1.26
OH/OL (%)	89.63±5.72	80.95	105.06
OT/OL (%)	39.18±4.43	32.11	49.37
OT/OH (%)	43.69±3.83	36.08	51.76
Circularity	17.91±4.63	14.00	33.33
Rectangularity	0.65±0.05	0.52	0.71

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	1.10±0.49	0.75	1.45
OH/OL (%)	87.28±3.85	84.56	90.00
OT/OL (%)	32.46±12.32	23.75	41.18
OT/OH (%)	37.54±15.77	26.39	48.70
Circularity	16.48±1.13	15.68	17.28
Rectangularity	0.64±0	0.64	0.64

Shape indices	Mean±Sd	Minimum	Maximum
OL/TL (%)	1.10±0.31	0.70	1.46
OH/OL (%)	112.93±10.68	98.54	121.43
OT/OL (%)	34.52±3.23	32.12	39.29
OT/OH (%)	30.64±2.32	27.63	32.59
Circularity	18.51±5.61	15.22	26.90
Rectangularity	0.69±0.05	0.63	0.74

[1] *Corresponding author: cwongski@usp.br

Brasil

Brasil

Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part VII: Atheriniformes, Beloniformes, Beryciformes, Zeiformes, Syngnathiformes, Scorpaeniformes and Tetraodontiformes

Abstract

Maximum Size:	160 mm (TL) (FROSE; PAULY, 2016).
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, along the South America coast (CARPENTER; MUNROE, 2015CARPENTER, K. E.; MUNROE, T. Atherinella brasiliensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T16411567A16510327, 2015. Cambridge: IUCN Global Species Programme Red List Unit, 2015.).
Habitat:	Benthopelagic; occurs in estuaries, mangroves and soft bottoms (CHERNOFF, 2002CHERNOFF, B. Atherinopsidae - New World silversides. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002. p. 1086-1103.).
Diet:	Feeds mainly on zooplankton and diatoms (CONTENTE et al., 2011CONTENTE, R. F.; STEFANONI, M. F.; SPACH, H. L. Feeding ecology of the Brazilian silverside Atherinella brasiliensis (Atherinopsidae) in a sub-tropical estuarine ecosystem. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., v. 91, n. 6, p. 1197-1205, 2011.).
Collection:	1014 otoliths from 541 fishes (TL ranging from 17 to 151 mm).
Sample:	55 left otoliths categorized into 7, 20 mm classes (20 to 160 mm).

Maximum Size:	550 mm (TL) (SCHNEIDER, 1990SCHNEIDER, W. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. Prepared and published with the support of the FAO Regional Office for Africa. Rome: FAO, 1990. 268 p.).
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from United States to Brazil and Eastern Atlantic from Canary Islands to Luanda (COLLETTE, 2002aCOLLETTE, B. B. Hemiramphidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002a. p. 1116-1144.).
Habitat:	Shallow coastal waters, commonly forming schools (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1978FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. II. Teleostei (1). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1978. 110 p.).
Diet:	Feeds on sea grasses and small fishes (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1978FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. II. Teleostei (1). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1978. 110 p.).
Collection:	34 otoliths from 17 fishes (TL ranging from 116 to 200 mm).
Sample:	13 left otoliths categorized into 6, 20 mm classes (100 to 220 mm).

Maximum Size:	320 mm (TL) (CERVIGÓN et al., 1992CERVIGÓN, F.; CIPRIANI, R.; FISCHER, L. W.; GARIBALDI, L.; HENDRICKX, M.; LEMUS, A. J.; MÁRQUEZ, R.; POUTIERS, J. M.; ROBAINA, G.; RODRIQUEZ, B. Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca: guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur América. Rome: FAO, 1992. p. 513.).
Distribution:	Central and South America coast, from Panama to Southeastern Brazil (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1978FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. II. Teleostei (1). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1978. 110 p.; COLLETTE, 2002aCOLLETTE, B. B. Hemiramphidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002a. p. 1116-1144.).
Habitat:	Estuaries and river mouths (COLLETTE, 2002aCOLLETTE, B. B. Hemiramphidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002a. p. 1116-1144.).
Diet:	Feeds on seagrass, small crustaceans and mollusks (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1978FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. II. Teleostei (1). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1978. 110 p.).
Collection:	2 otoliths from 1 fish (TL: 132 mm).
Sample:	1 left otolith (132 mm).

Maximum Size:	300 mm (TL) (CERVIGÓN et al., 1992CERVIGÓN, F.; CIPRIANI, R.; FISCHER, L. W.; GARIBALDI, L.; HENDRICKX, M.; LEMUS, A. J.; MÁRQUEZ, R.; POUTIERS, J. M.; ROBAINA, G.; RODRIQUEZ, B. Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca: guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur América. Rome: FAO, 1992. p. 513.).
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from South Florida to Uruguay (COLLETTE, 2002aCOLLETTE, B. B. Hemiramphidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002a. p. 1116-1144.).
Habitat:	Inshore surface, forming schools (COLLETTE, 2002aCOLLETTE, B. B. Hemiramphidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002a. p. 1116-1144.).
Diet:	Feeds on seagrass, small crustaceans and mollusks (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1978FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. II. Teleostei (1). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1978. 110 p.).
Collection:	102 otoliths from 51 fishes (TL ranging from 116 to 282 mm).
Sample:	33 left otoliths categorized into 7, 20 mm classes (100 to 280 mm).

Maximum Size:	111 mm (TL) (IGFA, 2001), but attaining 621 mm in our collection.
Distribution:	Wester Atlantic, from Maine, USA to Southern Brazil (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1978FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. II. Teleostei (1). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1978. 110 p.).
Habitat:	Coastal areas, mangrove-lined lagoons and also enters fresh water (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1978FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. II. Teleostei (1). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1978. 110 p.; COLLETTE, 2002bCOLLETTE, B. B. Belonidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002b. p. 1104-1103.).
Diet:	Feeds on small fishes and crustaceans (COLLETTE, 2002bCOLLETTE, B. B. Belonidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002b. p. 1104-1103.).
Collection:	13 otoliths from 7 fishes (TL ranging from 180 to 621 mm).
Sample:	5 left otoliths categorized into 4, 20 mm classes (280 to 640 mm).

Maximum Size:	610 mm (TL) (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from Florida to Southern Brazil (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1978FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. II. Teleostei (1). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1978. 110 p.).
Habitat:	Coastal areas and mangrove-lined lagoons (COLLETTE, 2002bCOLLETTE, B. B. Belonidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002b. p. 1104-1103.).
Diet:	Feeds on small fishes (COLLETTE, 2002bCOLLETTE, B. B. Belonidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002b. p. 1104-1103.).
Collection:	5 otoliths from 3 fishes (TL ranging from 121 to 156 mm).
Sample:	3 right otoliths categorized into 2, 20 mm classes (120 to 160 mm).

Maximum Size:	700 mm (TL) (SOMMER et al., 1996SOMMER, C.; SCHNEIDER, W.; POUTIERS, J. M. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The Living Marine Resources of Somalia. Rome: FAO, 1996. 376 p.).
Distribution:	Circumglobal. In the Western Atlantic, from Gulf of Maine to Uruguay (PAXTON, 1999PAXTON, J. R. Berycidae. Alfonsinos. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). Rome: FAO, 1999. p. 2218-2224.; FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Habitat:	Benthopelagic, forming dense aggregations (MOORE, 2002aMOORE, J. A. Berycidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002a. p. 1189-1191.).
Diet:	Feeds on fishes and crustaceans (HORN et al., 2010HORN, P. L.; FORMAN, J.; DUNN, M. R. Feeding habits of alfonsino Beryx splendens. J. Fish Biol., v. 76, n. 10, p. 2382-2400, 2010.).
Collection:	236 otoliths from 236 fishes (TL ranging from 169 to 367 mm).
Sample:	29 right otoliths categorized into 8, 20 mm classes (160 to 320 mm).

Maximum Size:	250 mm (TL) (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1980FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. III. Teleostei (2). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1980. 90 p.).
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from Gulf of Mexico to Southern Brazil (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1980FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. III. Teleostei (2). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1980. 90 p.; MOORE, 2002bMOORE, J. A. Trachichthyidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002b. p. 1184-1188.).
Habitat:	Benthopelagic, living along slopes at depth of 150 to 550 m (MOORE, 2002bMOORE, J. A. Trachichthyidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002b. p. 1184-1188.).
Diet:	Feeds on small shrimps (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1980FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. III. Teleostei (2). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1980. 90 p.).
Collection:	318 otoliths from 318 fishes (TL ranging from 93 to 245 mm).
Sample:	57 right otoliths categorized into 8, 20 mm classes (80 to 260 mm).

Maximum Size:	150 mm (TL) (HEEMSTRA, 2002HEEMSTRA, P. C. Grammicolepidae. In: CARPENTER, K.E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002. p. 1214-1216.), but attaining 260 mm in our collection.
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from Nova Scotia to Southern Brazil and Western Pacific (HEEMSTRA, 2002HEEMSTRA, P. C. Grammicolepidae. In: CARPENTER, K.E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002. p. 1214-1216.; FIGUEIREDO et al., 2002FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; SANTOS, A. P.; YAMAGUTI, N.; BERNARDES, R. A.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: EDUSP: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2002. 242 p.).
Habitat:	Benthic species, found on the continental slope (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Diet:	--
Collection:	1211 otoliths from 658 fishes (TL ranging from 68 to 260 mm).
Sample:	71 left otoliths categorized into 8, 20 mm classes (60 to 260 mm).

Maximum Size:	173 mm (TL) (BERNARDES et al., 2005BERNARDES, R. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; RODRIGUES, A. R.; FISCHER, L. G.; VOOREN, C. M.; HAIMOVICI, M.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da Zona Exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2005. p. 304.).
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from Gulf of Mexico to Southeastern Brazil (MENEZES et al., 2003MENEZES, N. A.; BUCKUP, P. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MOURA, R. L. (Eds.). Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. 160 p.).
Habitat:	Found on tropical waters at depths between 300 to 500 meters (BERNARDES et al., 2005BERNARDES, R. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; RODRIGUES, A. R.; FISCHER, L. G.; VOOREN, C. M.; HAIMOVICI, M.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da Zona Exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2005. p. 304.).
Diet:	--
Collection:	422 otoliths from 214 fishes (TL ranging from 56 to 173 mm).
Sample:	27 left otoliths categorized into 7, 20 mm classes (40 to 180 mm).

Maximum Size:	200 mm (TL) (EHRICH, 1990EHRICH, S. Macroramphosidae. In: QUERO, J. C.; HUREAU, J. C.; KARRER, C.; POST, A.; SALDANHA, L. (Eds.). Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). Vol. 2. JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris and UNESCO. Paris: UNESCO, 1990. p. 656-657.).
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from Gulf of Maine to Argentina; Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Indo-West Pacific (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Habitat:	Demersal; on the continental shelf over sand bottom (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Diet:	Feeds on invertebrates, mainly copepods (EHRICH, 1986EHRICH, S. Macroramphosidae. In: WHITEHEAD, P. J. P.; BAUCHOT, M. L.; HUREAU, J. C.; NIELSEN, J.; TORTONESE, E. (Eds.). Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Vol. 2. Paris: UNESCO, 1986. 627 p.).
Collection:	15 otoliths from 10 fishes (TL ranging from 67 to 111 mm).
Sample:	3 left otoliths categorized into 3, 20 mm classes (60 to 100 mm).

Maximum Size:	188 mm (TL) (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1980FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. III. Teleostei (2). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1980. 90 p.).
Distribution:	Southwest Atlantic, from Southern Brazil to Northern Argentina; Southeast Pacific (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1980FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. III. Teleostei (2). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1980. 90 p.).
Habitat:	Bathydemersal, up to 580 m depth on the continental shelf and slope (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Diet:	--
Collection:	21 otoliths from 11 fishes (TL ranging from 142 to 161 mm).
Sample:	6 left otoliths categorized into 2, 20 mm classes (140 to 180 mm).

Maximum Size:	160 mm (TL) (RICHARDS, 2002RICHARDS, W. J. Triglidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002. p. 1245-1285.), but attaining 208 mm in our collection.
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from North Carolina to Uruguay (RICHARDS, 2002RICHARDS, W. J. Triglidae. In: CARPENTER, K. E.; NIEM, V. H. (Eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Vol. 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO, 2002. p. 1245-1285.).
Habitat:	Shallow waters, on bays, estuaries and mid-shelf (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Diet:	Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (SÃO CLEMENTE et al., 2014SÃO CLEMENTE, R. R. B.; COSTA, P. A. S.; MARTINS, A. S. Distribution and feeding habits of three sea robin species (Bellator brachychir, Prionotus nudigula and Prionotus punctatus) in the Campos Basin, Southeastern Brazil. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., v. 42, n. 3, p. 488-496, 2014.).
Collection:	83 otoliths from 45 fishes (TL ranging from 34 to 208 mm).
Sample:	19 left otoliths categorized into 3, 20 mm classes (20 to 100 mm).

Maximum Size:	280 mm (TL) (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Distribution:	Southwest Atlantic, from Southern Brazil to Argentina (MENEZES et al., 2003MENEZES, N. A.; BUCKUP, P. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MOURA, R. L. (Eds.). Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. 160 p.; FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1980FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. III. Teleostei (2). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1980. 90 p.).
Habitat:	Deep waters from 100 to 400 m depths (FIGUEIREDO et al., 2002FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; SANTOS, A. P.; YAMAGUTI, N.; BERNARDES, R. A.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: EDUSP: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2002. 242 p.).
Diet:	Mainly crustaceans (isopods and shrimps) (SÃO CLEMENTE et al., 2014SÃO CLEMENTE, R. R. B.; COSTA, P. A. S.; MARTINS, A. S. Distribution and feeding habits of three sea robin species (Bellator brachychir, Prionotus nudigula and Prionotus punctatus) in the Campos Basin, Southeastern Brazil. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., v. 42, n. 3, p. 488-496, 2014.).
Collection:	627 otoliths from 326 fishes (TL ranging from 68 to 265 mm).
Sample:	95 left otoliths categorized into 11, 20 mm classes (60 to 260 mm).

Maximum Size:	450 mm (TL) (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from Belize and Central America to Argentina (FIGUEIREDO et al., 2002FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; SANTOS, A. P.; YAMAGUTI, N.; BERNARDES, R. A.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: EDUSP: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2002. 242 p.).
Habitat:	Found on sand or muddy bottoms of the continental shelves from 5 to 200 m depth (CARVALHO-FILHO, 1992CARVALHO-FILHO, A. Peixes da Costa Brasileira. 2a ed. São Paulo: Marca D’Água, 1992. 304 p.).
Diet:	Nocturnal habits, feeds mainly on crustaceans (SOARES; APELBAUM, 1994SOARES, L. S. H.; APELBAUM, R. Atividade alimentar diária da cabrinha Prionotus punctatus (Teleostei: Triglidae) do litoral de Ubatuba, Brasil. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr., v. 42, n. 1/2, p. 85-98, 1994.).
Collection:	736 otoliths from 394 fishes (TL ranging from 7 to 422 mm).
Sample:	59 left otoliths categorized into 14, 20 mm classes (20 to 380 mm).

Maximum Size:	500 mm (TL) (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Distribution:	Eastern and Western Atlantic, from Bermuda to Argentina (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1980FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. III. Teleostei (2). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1980. 90 p.).
Habitat:	Found on sand and mud bottoms near rocky areas and reefs, exploring the bottom with the pectoral fins (CARVALHO-FILHO, 1992CARVALHO-FILHO, A. Peixes da Costa Brasileira. 2a ed. São Paulo: Marca D’Água, 1992. 304 p.).
Diet:	Feeds mainly on crustaceans, mollusks and small fishes (BERNARDES et al., 2005BERNARDES, R. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; RODRIGUES, A. R.; FISCHER, L. G.; VOOREN, C. M.; HAIMOVICI, M.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da Zona Exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2005. p. 304.).
Collection:	2571 otoliths from 1426 fishes (TL ranging from 65 to 292 mm).
Sample:	106 left otoliths categorized into 12, 20 mm classes (60 to 280 mm).

Maximum Size:	462 mm (TL) (BERNARDES et al., 2005BERNARDES, R. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; RODRIGUES, A. R.; FISCHER, L. G.; VOOREN, C. M.; HAIMOVICI, M.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da Zona Exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2005. p. 304.).
Distribution:	Southwest Atlantic, from Rio Grande do Sul to Argentina (MENEZES et al., 2003MENEZES, N. A.; BUCKUP, P. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MOURA, R. L. (Eds.). Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. 160 p.).
Habitat:	Demersal species, found on deep waters (FIGUEIREDO et al., 2002FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; SANTOS, A. P.; YAMAGUTI, N.; BERNARDES, R. A.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: EDUSP: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2002. 242 p.).
Diet:	Feeds on crustaceans, mollusks and small fishes (BERNARDES et al., 2005BERNARDES, R. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; RODRIGUES, A. R.; FISCHER, L. G.; VOOREN, C. M.; HAIMOVICI, M.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da Zona Exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2005. p. 304.).
Collection:	348 otoliths from 339 fishes (TL ranging from 61 to 462 mm).
Sample:	96 left otoliths categorized into 18, 20 mm classes (60 to 460 mm).

Maximum Size:	260 mm (TL) (BERNARDES et al., 2005BERNARDES, R. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; RODRIGUES, A. R.; FISCHER, L. G.; VOOREN, C. M.; HAIMOVICI, M.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da Zona Exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2005. p. 304.).
Distribution:	Southwest Atlantic, from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul (FIGUEIREDO et al., 2002CARVALHO-FILHO, A. Peixes da Costa Brasileira. 2a ed. São Paulo: Marca D’Água, 1992. 304 p.).
Habitat:	Inhabits deep waters of the continental shelf, between 100 to 200 m depth (BERNARDES et al., 2005BERNARDES, R. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; RODRIGUES, A. R.; FISCHER, L. G.; VOOREN, C. M.; HAIMOVICI, M.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da Zona Exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2005. p. 304.).
Diet:	--
Collection:	339 otoliths from 188 fishes (TL ranging from 112 to 258 mm).
Sample:	55 left otoliths categorized into 7, 20 mm classes (120 to 240 mm).

Maximum Size:	272 mm (TL) (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 1980FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. III. Teleostei (2). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 1980. 90 p.).
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from Florida to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (MENEZES et al., 2003MENEZES, N. A.; BUCKUP, P. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MOURA, R. L. (Eds.). Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. 160 p.).
Habitat:	Inhabits offshore waters at depths between 30 to 120 meters (CARVALHO-FILHO, 1992CARVALHO-FILHO, A. Peixes da Costa Brasileira. 2a ed. São Paulo: Marca D’Água, 1992. 304 p.).
Diet:	--
Collection:	4 otoliths from 2 fishes (TL ranging from 38 to 129 mm).
Sample:	2 right otoliths categorized into 2, 20 mm classes (20 to 120 mm).

Maximum Size:	500 mm (TL) (CARVALHO-FILHO, 1992CARVALHO-FILHO, A. Peixes da Costa Brasileira. 2a ed. São Paulo: Marca D’Água, 1992. 304 p.).
Distribution:	Circumtropical. In the Western Atlantic, from Florida to Southern Brazil (MENEZES et al., 2003MENEZES, N. A.; BUCKUP, P. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MOURA, R. L. (Eds.). Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. 160 p.).
Habitat:	Inhabits algae bottoms and estuarine areas, also found in areas with rocky bottoms (CARVALHO-FILHO, 1992CARVALHO-FILHO, A. Peixes da Costa Brasileira. 2a ed. São Paulo: Marca D’Água, 1992. 304 p.).
Diet:	Feeds mainly on bivalves, gastropods and crustaceans (HUIZAR; CARRARA, 2000HUIZAR, A. R.; CARRARA, X. C. Hábitos alimentarios de Diodon histrix y Diodon holocanthus (Pisces: Diodontidae), en las costas de Jalisco y Colima, México. Bol. Cen. Investig. Biol., v. 34, n. 2, p. 118-210, 2000.).
Collection:	4 otoliths from 2 fishes (TL ranging from 106 to 111 mm).
Sample:	2 left otoliths categorized into 1, 20 mm classes (100 mm).

Maximum Size:	1000 mm (TL) (FIGUEIREDO et al., 2002FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; SANTOS, A. P.; YAMAGUTI, N.; BERNARDES, R. A.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: EDUSP: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2002. 242 p.).
Distribution:	Eastern and Western Atlantic, from New England to Argentina (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 2000FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. VI. Teleostei (5). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. 116 p.; FIGUEIREDO et al., 2002FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; SANTOS, A. P.; YAMAGUTI, N.; BERNARDES, R. A.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: EDUSP: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2002. 242 p.).
Habitat:	Juveniles inhabit inshore areas over sand or mud bottoms; adults are pelagic found on continental margins (CARVALHO-FILHO, 1992CARVALHO-FILHO, A. Peixes da Costa Brasileira. 2a ed. São Paulo: Marca D’Água, 1992. 304 p.).
Diet:	Feeds mostly on crustaceans and fishes (DENADAI et al., 2012DENADAI, M. R.; SANTOS, F. B.; BESSA, E.; BERNARDES, L. P.; TURRA, A. Population biology and diet of the puffer fish Lagocephalus laevigatus (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) in Caraguatatuba Bay, south-eastern Brazil. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., v. 92, n. 2, p. 407-412, 2012.).
Collection:	1 otolith from 1 fish (TL ranging 144 mm).
Sample:	1 left otolith categorized into 1, 20 mm classes (140 mm).

Maximum Size:	180 mm (TL) (CERVIGÓN et al., 1992CERVIGÓN, F.; CIPRIANI, R.; FISCHER, L. W.; GARIBALDI, L.; HENDRICKX, M.; LEMUS, A. J.; MÁRQUEZ, R.; POUTIERS, J. M.; ROBAINA, G.; RODRIQUEZ, B. Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca: guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur América. Rome: FAO, 1992. p. 513.).
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from Honduras to Southern Brazil (MENEZES et al., 2003MENEZES, N. A.; BUCKUP, P. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MOURA, R. L. (Eds.). Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. 160 p.).
Habitat:	Found on bays and estuarine waters over soft bottoms (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 2000FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. VI. Teleostei (5). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. 116 p.).
Diet:	Feeds on marine invertebrates (FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 2000FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MENEZES, N. A. Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. VI. Teleostei (5). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. 116 p.).
Collection:	119 otoliths from 69 fishes (TL ranging from 51 to 145 mm).
Sample:	23 left otoliths categorized into 5, 20 mm classes (60 to 140 mm).

Maximum Size:	388 mm (TL) (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Distribution:	Western Atlantic, from New Jersey to Southern Brazil (MENEZES et al., 2003MENEZES, N. A.; BUCKUP, P. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MOURA, R. L. (Eds.). Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. 160 p.).
Habitat:	Commonly found in bays and protected coastal waters being rare or absent in coral reefs (CARVALHO-FILHO, 1992CARVALHO-FILHO, A. Peixes da Costa Brasileira. 2a ed. São Paulo: Marca D’Água, 1992. 304 p.; FIGUEIREDO; MENEZES, 2000FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; SANTOS, A. P.; YAMAGUTI, N.; BERNARDES, R. A.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: EDUSP: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2002. 242 p.).
Diet:	Feeds mainly on bivalves, gastropods and other benthic invertebrates (CHI-ESPÍNOLA; VEGA-CENDEJAS, 2013CHI-ESPÍNOLA, A. A.; VEGA-CENDEJAS, M. E. Feeding habits of Sphoeroides testudineus (Perciformes: Tetraodontidae) in the lagoon system of Ria Lagartos, Yucatán, Mexico. Rev. Biol. Trop., v. 61, n. 2, p. 849-858, 2013.).
Collection:	9 otoliths from 5 fishes (TL ranging from 79 to 232 mm).
Sample:	2 left otoliths categorized into 2, 20 mm classes (80 to 200 mm).

Maximum Size:	300 mm (TL) (CARVALHO-FILHO, 1992CARVALHO-FILHO, A. Peixes da Costa Brasileira. 2a ed. São Paulo: Marca D’Água, 1992. 304 p.).
Distribution:	Eastern and Western Atlantic, from Nova Scotia to Uruguay (FIGUEIREDO et al., 2002FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; SANTOS, A. P.; YAMAGUTI, N.; BERNARDES, R. A.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: EDUSP: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2002. 242 p.; MENEZES et al., 2003MENEZES, N. A.; BUCKUP, P. A.; FIGUEIREDO, J. L.; MOURA, R. L. (Eds.). Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. 160 p.).
Habitat:	Found on coastal waters especially on rocky, reef and algae bottoms (CARVALHO-FILHO, 1992CARVALHO-FILHO, A. Peixes da Costa Brasileira. 2a ed. São Paulo: Marca D’Água, 1992. 304 p.).
Diet:	Feeds on benthic invertebrates (FROESE; PAULY, 2016FROESE, R.; PAULY, D. (Eds.). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available in:<http://www.fishbase.org>. Version: 7. 2017. Access: 2017 Aug 16. http://www.fishbase.org... ).
Collection:	22 otoliths from 13 fishes (TL ranging from 36 to 195 mm).
Sample:	4 left otoliths categorized into 3, 20 mm classes (20 to 180 mm).