Oat grain yield under nitrogen uses in an eucalyptus intercropping system in Subtropical Brazil

Deiss, Leonardo; Moraes, Anibal de; Pelissari, Adelino; Silva, Vanderley Porfírio da; Andreolla, Veruschka Rocha Medeiros

doi:10.5935/1806-6690.20160056

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Fitotecnia • Rev. Ciênc. Agron. 47 (3) • Jul-Sep 2016 • https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20160056 copy

Oat grain yield under nitrogen uses in an eucalyptus intercropping system in Subtropical Brazil

Rendimento da aveia sob aplicações de nitrogênio em agrofloresta com eucalipto no subtrópico brasileiro

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Agronomic practices adequacy plays a key role in the integrated crop-livestock systems development. The objective of this study was to determine how the phytomass accumulation, yield compounds and oat (Avena sativa L. cv. IPR 126) yield were influenced by nitrogen levels (12 and 80 kg N ha^-1) at five equidistant positions between two adjacent eucalyptus (Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden) double line tracks [20 m (4 m x 3 m)] in intercropping system (IS) and traditional no-till agriculture (without trees) in subtropical Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a split-block in a randomized block design with four replicates. At the end of the oat cycle, there was compensation for the lower spikelets per panicle number by the greater grain per spikelet number, and for higher harvest indexes where oat accumulated less phytomass in environments with high interspecific interaction. The nitrogen levels increase the oat yield differently at positions relative to the trees in the IS. Therefore different nitrogen levels should be used at those distances to increase nitrogen use efficiency inside IS in subtropical Brazil.

Key words:
Fertilization; Interspecific competition; Lodging; Small cereal

N levels	Positions						Mean
	A^a a positions: A: 2.8 m, B: 6.4 m, C: 10.0 m, D: 13.6 m and E: 17.2 m away from track positioned at the lowest elevation of the slope, between two adjacent eucalyptus (Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden) double line tracks [20 m (4 m x 3 m)]. Values followed (within column) by the same capital case letters and lowercase letters, are not significantly different using the Duncan's test at the 0.05 level of probability.	B	C	D	E	F
	Above-ground phytomass (g m^-2)
80 kg N ha^-1	212 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test ^b b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	223 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	291 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	324 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	387 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	610 a Control	341 A
12 kg N ha^-1	136 b^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	186 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	279 a^** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	193 b^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	184 b^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	408 b Control	231 B
Mean	174^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	204^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	285^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	258^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	286^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	509 Control	286

N levels	Positions						Mean
N levels	A^a a positions: A: 2.8 m, B: 6.4 m, C: 10.0 m, D: 13.6 m and E: 17.2 m away from track positioned at the lowest elevation of the slope, between two adjacent eucalyptus (Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden) double line tracks [20 m (4 m x 3 m)].	B	C	D	E	F	Mean
Panicle (m^-2)
80 kg N ha^-1	219	186	163	211	258	278	219
12 kg N ha^-1	182	179	199	232	233	235	210
Mean	201^* *b , , * and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test. ^b b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	183^ b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	181^ b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	222^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	246^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	256 Control	215
Spikelets (panicle^-1)
80 kg N ha^-1	14.9	14.9	18.4	23.5	17.2	25.2	19A
12 kg N ha^-1	10.5	16.3	18.1	18	15.3	19	16.2B
Mean	12.7^ b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	15.6^* *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	18.3^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	20.8^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	16.3^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	22.1 Control	17.6
Aborted spikelets (panicle^-1)
80 kg N ha^-1	2.45	2.64	3.27	2.75	2.4	2.96	2.75A
12 kg N ha^-1	0.5	1.21	1.28	0.43	1.02	0.82	0.88B
Mean	1.48	1.93	2.27	1.59	1.71	1.89	1.81
Grain (spikelet^-1)
80 kg N ha^-1	1.46	1.34	1.48	1.6	1.51	1.4	1.47B
12 kg N ha^-1	1.77	1.53	1.51	1.6	1.72	1.43	1.59A
Mean	1.61^ b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	1.44^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	1.5^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	1.6^* *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	1.61^ b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	1.41 Control	1.53
W. 100 1º (g)^c Weight of c primary and d secondary grains with husks, from spikelets with two or e one grains. Values followed by the same capital case letters (within column) are not significantly different using the Duncan's test
80 kg N ha^-1	3.1	2.7	2.7	2.4	2.6	2.6	2.7
12 kg N ha^-1	3.1	3.1	2.7	2.7	2.9	2.7	2.9
Mean	3.1	2.9	2.7	2.6	2.8	2.6	2.8
W. 100 2º (g)^d Weight of c primary and d secondary grains with husks, from spikelets with two or e one grains. Values followed by the same capital case letters (within column) are not significantly different using the Duncan's test
80 kg N ha^-1	1.3	1.1	1.1	1.1	1	1.2	1.1
12 kg N ha^-1	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2
Mean	1.3	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.2
W. 100 sole 1º (g)^e Weight of c primary and d secondary grains with husks, from spikelets with two or e one grains. Values followed by the same capital case letters (within column) are not significantly different using the Duncan's test
80 kg N ha^-1	1.4	1.1	1	1	1.1	1.1	1.1
12 kg N ha^-1	1.5	1.1	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8	1
Mean	1.5^ b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	1.1^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	0.9^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	1^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	1^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.	0.9 Control	1.1

N levels	Positions						Mean
N levels	A^a a positions (P): A: 2.8 m, B: 6.4 m, C: 10.0 m, D: 13.6 m and E: 17.2 m away from track positioned at the lowest elevation of the slope, between two adjacent eucalyptus (Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden) double line tracks [20 m (4 m x 3 m)]. Values followed by the same capital case letters (within column) and lowercase letters (within column inside each position) are not significantly different using the Duncan's test.	B	C	D	E	F	Mean
Yield (kg ha^-1)^d d Calculated without moisture of grains
80 kg N ha^-1	487 a^* *b , , * and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture. ^b b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	377 a^* b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	433 a^ b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	636 a^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	652 a^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	744 a Control	555 A
12 kg N ha^-1	386 a^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	405 a^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	541 a^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	476 a^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	443 b^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	496 b Control	458 B
Mean	436^ b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture. ^b *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	391^* b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	487^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	556^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	547^ns *b , , * and ns** (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	620 Control	506
Harvest index (%)^e
80 kg N ha^-1	21.1	15.6	13.4	17.3	14.9	10.7	15.5 B
12 kg N ha^-1	25.8	20.5	18.1	22.5	21.6	10.8	19.9 A
Mean	23.4^* b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	18.0^* b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	15.8^ b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	19.9^* b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	18.2^* b , , and ns (within column) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test.c Estimated with 13% moisture.	10.7 Control	17.7

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N levels	Positions						Mean
	A^a a positions: A: 2.8 m, B: 6.4 m, C: 10.0 m, D: 13.6 m and E: 17.2 m away from track positioned at the lowest elevation of the slope, between two adjacent eucalyptus (Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden) double line tracks [20 m (4 m x 3 m)]. Values followed (within column) by the same capital case letters and lowercase letters, are not significantly different using the Duncan's test at the 0.05 level of probability.	B	C	D	E	F
	Above-ground phytomass (g m^-2)
80 kg N ha^-1	212 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test ^b b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	223 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	291 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	324 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	387 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	610 a Control	341 A
12 kg N ha^-1	136 b^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	186 a^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	279 a^** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	193 b^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	184 b^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	408 b Control	231 B
Mean	174^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	204^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	285^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	258^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	286^*** b , , ** and ns(within line) indicates the significance at 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 and non significant, respectively, of the comparison with a control by the Dunnett two sided test	509 Control	286