Characterization and pedogenesis of mangrove soils from Ilhéus-BA, Brazil

Gomes, Felipe Haenel; Ker, João Carlos; Ferreira, Tiago Osório; Moreau, Ana Maria Souza dos Santos; Moreau, Maurício Santana

doi:10.5935/1806-6690.20160072

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Soil Science • Rev. Ciênc. Agron. 47 (4) • Oct-Dec 2016 • https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20160072 copy

Characterization and pedogenesis of mangrove soils from Ilhéus-BA, Brazil

Caracterização e pedogênese de solos de mangue de Ilhéus- BA, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Despite its importance, studies of mangrove soils are scarce, especially from a pedological perspective. The objective of this work was to study the genesis of soils in a mangrove environment in northeastern Brazil (Ilhéus, Bahia) through a morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization. All soils presented a sandy texture, which is related to the parent material (Quaternary sand deposits). The tidal flooding and resulting hydromorphic conditions is responsible for dominance of dark grey colors, and high organic matter contents (paludization process). As well as the high values of electrical conductivity (EC) and dominance of Na⁺ in the saturation extract (salinization and solodization processes, respectively). Contrastingly, the M3 profile, with aninga (Montrichardia linifera) vegetation, a non-exclusive mangrove plant, showed colors with high chromas due to a lesser influence of tidal flooding. The pH values and the SO₄=/Cl^- ratios indicated the presence of sulfidic material and, thus, the occurrence of the sulfidization process. The soil organic matter fractionation evidenced the humin as the fraction with the highest content, probably because of removal of most soluble fractions due to tidal action. Similar to mangrove soils from southeast Brazil, the XRD analysis identified kaolinite, mica and expandable 2:1 minerals in the clay fraction.

Key words:
Mangrove ecosystem; Sulfidization; Paludization; Salinization; Solodization; Soil organic fractions

Soil	Location	Predominant vegetation
M1	14°40’52’’ S 39°04’28’’ W	Siriba (Avicenniasp)
M2	14°40’51’’ S 39°04’30’’ W	Guaxumba (Hibiscus sp), Cortiça (Pterocarpus officinalis)
M3	14°40’50’’ S 39°04’27’’ W	Aninga (Montrichardia linifera)
M4	14°43’06’’ S 39°04’13’’ W	Mangue vermelho (Rizophora mangle), Mangue branco (Avicennia sp)
M5	14°45’30’’ S 39°03’44’’ W	Mangue vermelho (Rizophora mangle)

Layer	Depth	Sand		Silt	Clay	CDW	FD	Silt/Clay
	Depth	Coarse	Fine	Silt	Clay	CDW	FD	Silt/Clay
	cm		--------------------------- g kg^-1--------------------------				%
M1
1^st	0-10	680	180	100	40	7	84	2.5
2^nd	10-20	620	160	160	60	13	79	2.7
3^rd	20-30	600	210	140	50	20	62	2.7
4^th	30-40	480	200	240	80	36	53	3.1
M2
1^st	0-10	650	210	80	60	8	87	1.3
2^nd	10-20	630	200	80	90	10	89	0.9
3^rd	20-30	540	230	180	50	31	42	3.4
M3
1^st	0-10	120	250	380	250	52	79	1.5
2^nd	10-20	160	190	330	320	55	83	1.0
M4
1^st	0-10	410	450	120	20	14	38	5.5
2^nd	10-20	400	430	140	30	21	26	5.1
3^rd	20-30	430	450	100	20	15	18	5.8
M5
1^st	0-10	380	240	280	100	32	67	2.9
2^nd	10-20	380	270	250	100	47	52	2.5

Layer	Depht (cm)	Structure		Plasticity	Stickiness	Color
Layer	Depht (cm)	Type	Grade	Plasticity	Stickiness	Dry	Moist
M1
1^st	0-10	none	Massive	Non-plastic	Non-sticky	7,5YR 3/1	10YR 3/2
2^nd	10-20	none	Massive	Non-plastic	Non-sticky	7,5YR 3/1	10YR 3/2
3^rd	20-30	none	Massive	Non-plastic	Non-sticky	7,5YR 3/1	10YR 3/1
4^th	30-40	none	Massive	Non-plastic	Non-sticky	G1 3/N	G1 4/N
M2
1^st	0-10	none	Massive	Non-plastic	Non-sticky	5 YR 3/1	7,5YR 4/1
2^nd	10-20	none	Massive	Non-plastic	Non-sticky	7,5 YR 3/1	7,5YR 4/1
3^rd	20-30	none	Massive	Slightly plastic	Non-sticky	G1 3/N	7,5YR 4/1
M3
1^st	0-10	none	Massive	Slightly plastic	Slightly Sticky	10YR 3/2	10YR 5/3
2^nd	10-20	none	Massive	Slightly plastic	Slightly Sticky	10YR 3/2	10YR 5/3
M4
1^st	0-10	none	Massive	Non-plastic	Non-sticky	G1 3/N	7,5YR 4/1
2^nd	10-20	none	Massive	Non-plastic	Non-sticky	G1 3/N	7,5YR 4/1
3^rd	20-30	none	Massive	Non-plastic	Non-sticky	G1 3/N	7,5YR 4/1
M5
1^st	0-10	none	Massive	Slightly plastic	Non-sticky	10Y 3/1	10Y 3/1
2^nd	10-20	none	Massive	Slightly plastic	Non-sticky	10Y 2,5/1	10Y 3/1

Layer	Depht cm	pH		Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺	S	Al³⁺	H⁺	T	V	M	PST	TOC
Layer	Depht cm	H₂O	KCl	---------------------- cmol_c kg^-1----------------------							----------- % ------------				g kg^-1
M1
1^st	0-10	5.8	4,8	7.04	5.19	0.16	1.96	14.35	0.16	8.10	22.6	64	1	9	42.7
2^nd	10-20	5.7	5.0	8.10	7.03	0.27	6.27	21.67	0.15	9.12	30.9	70	1	20	71.8
3^rd	20-30	5.7	5.1	10.23	13.25	0.36	14.81	38.64	0.35	11.30	50.3	77	1	30	66.8
4^th	30-40	3.7	3.2	10.49	11.43	0.28	11.57	33.77	8.50	23.90	66.2	51	20	18	95.4
M2
1^st	0-10	5.8	4.9	2.71	2.32	0.06	0.85	5.93	0.11	4.58	10.6	56	2	8	39.0
2^nd	10-20	5.7	5.0	3.99	3.95	0.11	2.55	10.60	0.11	5.91	16.6	64	1	15	55.4
3^rd	20-30	2.7	2.3	5.68	5.95	0.05	6.57	18.26	25.51	25.28	69.1	26	58	10	71.8
M3
1^st	0-10	5.6	4.3	11.82	7.33	0.46	4.11	23.72	0.48	13.33	37.5	63	2	11	75.7
2^nd	10-20	5.2	4.1	10.85	7.19	0.24	4.69	22.97	0.69	16.72	40.4	57	3	12	94.7
M4
1^st	0-10	4.8	4.4	14.40	9.09	0.17	2.97	26.63	0.27	14.53	41.4	64	1	7	64.9
2^nd	10-20	4.9	4.4	15.71	14.67	0.30	6.42	37.10	0.42	20.56	58.1	64	1	11	81.0
3^rd	20-30	5.1	4.7	11.72	9.93	0.15	4.53	26.33	0.30	13.15	39.8	66	1	11	62.7
M5
1^st	0-10	3.6	3.1	9.60	12.22	0.26	10.21	32.29	7.68	17.31	57.3	56	19	18	69.6
2^nd	10-20	3.6	3.1	10.90	16.22	0.58	29.28	56.99	8.12	15.42	80.5	71	13	36	58.3

Layer	Depht cm	Organic carbon			TOC_t¹ 1 Total organic carbon content;	C rec² 2 Recovered organic carbon	% of organic carbon
		Fulvic acids	Humic acids	Humin			Fulvic acids	Humic acids	Humin
		----------------------- mg kg^-1 ------------------------				--------------------------- % ---------------------------
M1
1^st	0-10	3.12	8,01	23.73	34.86	82	8.9	23.0	68.1
2^nd	10-20	4.83	14.01	37.55	56.40	79	8.6	24.8	66.6
3^rd	20-30	4.78	11.47	39.24	55.49	83	8.6	20.7	70.7
4^th	30-40	6.55	11.45	52.20	70.19	74	9.3	16.3	74.4
M2
1^st	0-10	1.91	7.70	16.14	25.76	66	7.4	29.9	62.7
2^nd	10-20	2.99	11.16	23.37	37.52	68	8.0	29.7	62.3
3^rd	20-30	4.58	11.95	39.67	56.19	78	8.1	21.3	70.6
M3
1^st	0-10	5.28	11.52	36.66	53.46	71	9.9	21.6	68.6
2^nd	10-20	4.82	16.84	45.53	67.18	71	7.2	25.1	67.8
M4
1^st	0-10	3.44	5.24	40.51	49.20	76	7.0	10.7	82.3
2^nd	10-20	4.15	7.84	57.25	69.23	85	6.0	11.3	82.7
3^rd	20-30	2.57	4.35	40.29	47.20	75	5.4	9.2	85.3
M5
1^st	0-10	4.55	5.28	42.47	52.30	75	8.7	10.1	81.2
2^nd	10-20	4.37	3.98	38.37	46.73	80	9.4	8.5	82.1

Layer	Depht cm	EC	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	HCO^-3	SO₄^2-/Cl^-
Layer	Depht cm	dSm^-1	cmol_c L^-1
M1
1^st	0-10	1.53	0.09	0.18	0.03	1.01	1.26	0.05	0.09	0.04
2^nd	10-20	4.68	0.23	0.66	0.12	3.50	4.45	0.07	0.11	0.02
3^rd	20-30	8.32	0.43	1.48	0.19	6.89	9.18	0.14	0.15	0.02
4^th	30-40	8.68	0.83	1.58	0.17	6.84	7.69	0.74	0.12	0.10
M2
1^st	0-10	1.92	0.10	0.25	0.03	1.32	1.68	0.11	0.10	0.07
2^nd	10-20	4.35	0.24	0.80	0.07	3.45	3.9	0.28	0.09	0.07
3^rd	20-30	5.79	0.67	1.62	0.10	4.15	4.3	0.84	0.08	0.20
M3
1^st	0-10	0.42	0.05	0.08	0.01	0.20	0.18	0.05	0.20	0.28
2^nd	10-20	0.58	0.04	0.06	0.01	0.33	0.37	0.06	0.13	0.16
M4
1^st	0-10	2.11	0.30	0.69	0.06	1.07	1.01	0.62	0.17	0.61
2^nd	10-20	2.81	0.30	0.88	0.07	1.86	1.01	0.54	0.12	0.53
3^rd	20-30	3.09	0.47	1.03	0.07	1.78	1.37	0.55	0.11	0.40
M5
1^st	0-10	7.15	0.50	1.71	0.20	6.02	6.19	0.96	0.20	0.16
2^nd	10-20	27.00	1.87	1.78	0.76	28.00	33.23	2.07	0.13	0.06

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