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Brazilian sample: 1 15 periapica esions and 27 controls |
Brazilian sample Periapica granulomas: 1 15 |
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Brazilian sample |
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Real-time polymerase and chain reaction (RT-PCR). |
FOXP3 mRNA levels were positively correlated with the expression of immunoregulatory molecules IL-10 (P < .001, r = 0.5183) and TGF-ß |
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Cases: Participants aged between 19 and 59 years old |
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American sample: 35 periapical esions and 6 controls |
American sample |
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(p< .001, r = 0,4564) |
Campos et al., 2015. |
Brazil and United States |
Case-control |
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Periapical granuloma: 27 |
Not reported. |
Controls: Participants aged between 1 7 and 27 years old |
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Periapical cysts: 8 |
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FOXP3 gene promoter showed the highest leve of methylation in both periapical granulomas and apical cysts (P < .001) |
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American sample |
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Results suggest that FoxP3 acts as a master switch governing the development and function of T-regulatory cells, whose functions include the inhibition of immune responses and temper inflammation in periapical lesions. |
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Cases: Particpants aged between 18 and 53 years old |
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Controls: Participants aged between 19 and 29 years old |
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Cases: Participants aged between 19 and 59 years old |
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*P<.05 (unpaired t-test) between controls and periapical lesions |
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Real-time polymerase and chain reaction (RT-PCR). |
Araujo-Pires et al., 2014. |
Brazil |
Case-control |
110 periapical lesions and 26 controls |
Periapical granulomas: 110 |
Not reported. |
Controls: Participants aged between 1 9 and 24 years old |
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Analysis demonstrates the association of TNF-α, IL-21, IL-17 and IFN-γ with periapical lesions activity, and the association of FOXP3, IL-10,IL-9, IL-4 and IL-22 with periapical lesions inactivity. |
Andrade et al., 2013. |
Brazil |
Cross Sectiona |
60 periapical esions |
Periapical granulomas: 20 |
Not reported. |
Not reported |
Immunohistochemica analysis |
Periapical lesions with inflammatory infiltrate grade III exhibited a higher number of FoxP3+ cells (P = .002). Lesions with inflammatory infiltrate grade I showed a tendency for a lower expression of IL-17 and TGF-ß 1 (P = .085 and P = .051, respectively). |
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Radicular cysts: 20 |
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Th17 and Treg cells participate in this process, exerting opposite modulatory effects in periapical esions. |
Peixoto et al., 2012. |
Brazil |
Cross Sectional |
60 periapical lesions |
Periapical granulomas: 30 |
Not reported. |
Not reported |
Immunohistochemical analysis |
Comparison of the median number of FoxP3 + cells in relation to the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate revealed no statistically significant difference between groups (P = .465) |
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Radicular cysts: 30 |
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The present results suggest a greater participation of regulatory T cells in the modulation of the inflammatory response in periapical granuloma. |
Marçal et al., 2010. |
Brazil |
Case-control |
50 periapical esions and 5 controls |
Periapical granulomas: 25 |
Cases: 34.8 years |
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Positive correlation between FoxP3 and TGF-ß was observed in periapical lesions (Spearman correlation: P= .018,z = 3.12). |
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Not reported |
Immunohistochemical analysis |
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Radicular cysts: 25 |
Controls: Not reported |
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Significantly higher IL-17 levels were also observed in cases of patients with sinus tract. The chronic periapical lesions might experience a reagudization process, with the increased presence of IL-17. |
Colić et al., 2009. |
Serbia |
Cross Sectional |
28 periapical lesions |
Not reported. |
38.8 years |
Participants aged between 18 and 64 years old |
Confocal microscopy |
p < .05 compared with corresponding control. |
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These findings suggest that CD4+CD25hlFoxp3 + cells in periapical lesions may play regulatory roles in controlling local immune/inflammatory processes. |
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Flow cytometry |
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Flow cytometry Immunohistochemical analysis |
p < .005 compared to corresponding contro groups (ANOVA). |
Colić et al., 2009. |
Serbia |
Cross Sectiona |
96 periapical lesions |
Not reported |
34 years |
Participants aged between 18 and 62 years old |
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Symptomatic lesions are characterized by high production of IL-17, positive correlation between IL-17 and IFN-γ in periapical lesions. Th17 immune response seems to play a dominant role in exacerbating inflammation. |
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ELISA |
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Fukada et al., 2009. |
Brazil |
Case-control |
38 sample: (30 periapical lesions and 8 controls) |
Periapical cysts: 10 |
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Real-time polymerase and chain reaction (RT-PCR). |
p < .05 compared to controls, p <0.05 comparing two lesion types. |
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45 yr |
Participants aged between 32 and 62 years old |
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Granulomas: 20 |
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Greater expression of FoxP3 was seen in periapical granulomas. The concomitant expression of Treg cell markers suggests a possible suppression of the Thl response in granulomas. |