Efficiency of polymerization of bulk-fill composite resins: a systematic review

REIS, André Figueiredo; VESTPHAL, Mariana; AMARAL, Roberto Cesar do; RODRIGUES, José Augusto; ROULET, Jean-François; ROSCOE, Marina Guimarães

doi:10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2017.vol31.0059

André Figueiredo REIS

Universidade de Guarulhos – UNG, Dental Research and Graduate Studies Division, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.

Mariana VESTPHAL

Universidade de Guarulhos – UNG, Dental Research and Graduate Studies Division, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.

Roberto Cesar do AMARAL

Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina – Unoesc, Joacaba, SC, Brazil.

José Augusto RODRIGUES

Universidade de Guarulhos – UNG, Dental Research and Graduate Studies Division, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.

Jean-François ROULET

University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.

Marina Guimarães ROSCOE

Universidade de Guarulhos – UNG, Dental Research and Graduate Studies Division, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.

Corresponding Author: André Figueiredo Reis. E-mail: reisandre@yahoo.com

Declaration of Interests: The authors certify that they have no commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the manuscript.

Bulk Fill Composites	Viscosities	Maximum depht	Time / Irradiance
EverX Posterior (GC)	Regular	4 mm	9-sec / Plasma arc (2000 mW/cm²); 10-sec / High Power LED Light (>1200 mW/cm²); 20-sec / Halogen - Normal LED Light (700 mW/cm²)
Filtek Bulk Fill (3M ESPE)	Regular	5 mm	20-sec / (>1000 mW/cm²)
Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable (3M ESPE)	Flow	4 mm	20-sec (>1000 mW/cm²)
QuiXX Fill (DENTSPLY)	Flow	4 mm	20-sec / (500-800 mW/cm²); 10-sec / (>800mW/cm²)
SonicFill (KERR)	Regular	5 mm	20-sec (>1000mW/cm²)
SureFil SDR (DENTSPLY)	Flow	4 mm	20-sec (U) or 40-sec (A1/A2/A3) / (>1000mW/cm²)
Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (IVOCLAR)	Regular	4 mm	20-sec / (>500mW/cm²); 10-sec / (>1000mW/cm²)
Venus Bulk Fill (HERAEUS KULZER)	Regular	4 mm	20-sec / (>1000mW/cm²)
XTra Base (VOCO)	Flow	4 mm	10-sec / (> 1000mW/cm²)
XTra Fill (VOCO)	Regular	4 mm	10-sec / (> 1000mW/cm²)

Criteria assessed	Score
I. Study design (Maximum score = 11 points)
A. Control group	Conventional resin based composite: 1 point
	Bottom:Top ratio: 2 points
	Both groups: 3 points
B. Sample size	Number of evaluated sample per experimental group (n):
	n < 5: 1 point
	5 ≤ n ≤ 10: 2 points
	n > 10: 3 points
C. Experimental groups	High and low viscosities: 2 points
	High viscosity: 1 point
	Low viscosity: 1 point
D. Mechanical testing	Scraping ISO 4049 Method or Acetone Shake Test: 1 point
	FTIR, mRaman, Microhardness: 2 points
	If 2 or more methods were combined: 3 points
II. Methodological soundness (Maximum score = 8 points)
A. Light curing protocol	If clearly described time, power density and LCU: 3 points (1 point each)
B. Aging evaluation	If clearly describe time, temperature and medium of storage: 2 points
C. Post-cure time evaluation	Immediate or less than 24 hours post-cure: 1 point
	24 hours post-cure: 2 points
	more than 24-hours / cycling: 3 points

Study	Bulk- fill composites	Viscosities	Mechanical test	Light curing protocol	Post-cure time evaluation	Can BFCs be placed and cured properly in 4 mm increments?
Benetti et al., 2015 ³3. Benetti AR, Havndrup-Pedersen C, Honoré D, Pedersen MK, Pallesen U. Bulk-fill resin composites: polymerization contraction, depth of cure, and gap formation. Oper Dent. 2015;40(2):190-200. https://doi.org/10.2341/13-324-L https://doi.org/10.2341/13-324-L...	Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, SonicFill, x-tra base, Venus Bulk Fill, and SureFil SDR	High and low	Scrapping Method ISO 4049	20-sec; 950 ± 50 mW/cm ² ; LED LCU	Immediate	PARTIALLY. With a mean depth of cure of 3.43 mm, SonicFill failed to comply the value stated by the manufacturer (up to 5-mm increments). Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill also showed a depth of cure slightly lower (3.82 mm) than the value advertised by its manufacturer (4 mm). However, the other investigated low-viscosity bulk-fill resin composites (SDR, Venus Bulk Fill, and x-tra base), demonstrated higher and sufficient depth of cure at more than 4 mm (4.34, 5.57, and 5.68, respectively).
Czasch and Ilie, 2013 ¹⁸18. Czasch P, Ilie N. In vitro comparison of mechanical properties and degree of cure of bulk fill composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Jan;17(1):227-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-012-0702-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-012-0702-...	SureFil SDR, and Venus Bulk Fill	Low	FTIR and Microhardness	10-, 20-, and 40-sec; 1,226 mW/cm ² ; LED LCU (Elipar Freelight)	Microhardness (24 hours)	YES. Both RBCs may be placed in 4 mm bulks without a loss in mechanical properties or degree of cure. A polymerization time of 20 seconds and bulk placement up to 4 mm can be recommended.
Flury et al., 2012 ¹⁶16. Flury S, Hayoz S, Peutzfeldt A, Hüsler J, Lussi A. Depth of cure of resin composites: is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulk fill materials? Dent Mater. 2012;28(5):521-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.02.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.02...	SureFil SDR, Venus Bulk Fill, QuiXX Fill, Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill	High and low	Scrapping Method ISO 4049 and Microhardness	10- and 20- sec, 1000 mW/cm ² , LED LCU (Demi)	Immediate	PARTIALLY. The Scrapping Method showed that only Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (light-cured for 10-sec according to the manufacturer indication) did not meet the ISO requirement (DOC = 3.32 mm). The percentage of VHN ^max attained at the depth D ^ISO was assessed and expressed as p ^ISO . Whereas p ^ISO was above 80% for one of the control materials (Filtek Silorane), p ^ISO was much lower particularly for the bulk fill materials, which showed in the median a p ^ISO of only 40%, reflecting the different forms of the VHN profiles.
Garcia et al., 2014 ³⁴34. Garcia D, Yaman P, Dennison J, Neiva G. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk fill flowable composite resins. Oper Dent. 2014;39(4):441-8. https://doi.org/10.2341/12-484-L https://doi.org/10.2341/12-484-L...	SureFil SDR, Venus Bulk Fill, and SonicFill	High and low	Scrapping Method ISO 4049 and Microhardness	20- sec, 800 mW/cm ² , LED LCU (SmartLite iQ2)	Microhardness (24 hours)	PARTIALLY. The Scrapping Method showed that only SonicFill could not be cured properly in 4 mm (DOC = 3.46 mm), while both Venus Bulk Fill and SureFil SDR flow demonstrated full depth of cure at 5 mm.
	SureFil SDR, Venus Bulk Fill, and SonicFill	High and low	Scrapping Method ISO 4049 and Microhardness	20- sec, 800 mW/cm ² , LED LCU (SmartLite iQ2)	Microhardness (24 hours)	Regarding microhardness values, all bottom:top ratio values for the materials evaluated in this study were less than the 80% critical value for depth of cure.
Ilie et al., 2013 ¹⁰10. Ilie N, Bucuta S, Draenert M. Bulk-fill resin-based composites: an in vitro assessment of their mechanical performance. Oper Dent. 2013;38(6):618-25. https://doi.org/10.2341/12-395-L https://doi.org/10.2341/12-395-L...	Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill and x-tra base	High	FTIR and Microhardness	10-, 20-, and 40-sec; 1.703 mW/cm ² (0 mm distance) and 500 mW/cm ² (7 mm distance from the particular mould); LED LCU (Elipar Freelight2)	Microhardness (24 hours)	YES. The results of the study proved that both analyzed bulk-fill materials – Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill and x-tra base – enable, as described by the manufacturer, at least 4 mm thick increments to be cured in one step under clinically relevant curing conditions.
Lempel et al., 2016 ³⁵35. Lempel E, Czibulya Z, Kovács B, Szalma J, Tóth Á, Kunsági-Máté S, Varga Z, Böddi K. Degree of conversion and BisGMA, TEGDMA, UDMA eution from flowable bulk fill composites. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;20;17(5). https://do.org/10.3390/ijms17050732 https://do.org/10.3390/ijms17050732...	SureFil SDR, X-tra Base, Filtek Bulk Fill	Low	Micro-Raman Spectroscopy	10- (X-tra Base) and 20-sec (Filtek Bulk Fill and SureFil SDR) ; 1100 mW/cm ² ; LED LCU (LED.C)	24 hours	PARTIALLY. SDR showed the highest DC value at the top and bottom surface of the samples and not significant lower %DC compared to 0 mm. X-tra Base and Filtek Bulk Fill presented about 35% lower DC compared to the top.
Miletic et al., 2016 ³⁶36. Miletic V, Pongprueksa P, De Munck J, Brooks NR, Van Meerbeek B. Curing characteristics of flowable and sculptable bulk-fill composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(4):1201-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1894-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1894-...	Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, SonicFill, SureFil SDR, EverX Posterior, and Filtek Bulk Fill flowable	High and low	FTIR, Acetone-Shaking Test, and Microhardness	10- and 20-sec;	FTIR and Microhardness (24 hours)	PARTIALLY. Tetric EvoCeram Bulk, EverX Posterior, and SonicFill, bulk-filled as 4-mm-thick specimens, showed bottom-to-top hardness ratios above 80 % after 20-sec curing. Still, 10-sec curing time was sufficient for flowable bulk-fills (SureFil SDR and Filtek Bulk Fill flowable).
		High and low	FTIR, Acetone-Shaking Test, and Microhardness	1337 mW/cm ² ; polywave LED LUC (Bluephase 20i)	FTIR and Microhardness (24 hours)
Nagi et al., 2015 ³⁷37. Nagi SM, Moharam LM, Zaazou MH. Effect of resin thickness, and curing time on the micro-hardness of bulk-fill resin composites. J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(5):e600-4. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52536 https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52536...	Tetric EvoCeram, and X-traFil	High and low	Microhardness	10-, 20-, 40-, and 60-sec; ≥ 800 mW/cm ² ; LED LCU (Elipar S10)	24 hours	YES. The bulk-fill resin composites used in this study can be placed and cured properly in the 4 mm bulk. A short curing time 10 seconds was enough to reach VHN (bottom to top) ratio >80 % when both tested bulk fill RBCs are placed in 4 mm bulks.
Pongprueksa et al., 2015 ³⁸38. Pongprueksa P, De Munck J, Duca RC, Poels K, Covaci A, Hoet P et al. Monomer elution in relation to degree of conversion for different types of composite. Dent. 2015;43(12):1448-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.10.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.10....	Filtek Bulk Fill flowable	Low	Micro-Raman Spectroscopy	20-sec;	Immediate	YES. The cure at depth is considered adequate if DC measured at the bottom reaches at least 90% of the maximum DC measured at the top surface. Strictly applying this guideline, an adequate cure at 4-mm depth was achieved by the flowable bulk-fill composite (Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable: 92%).
				1100 mW/cm ² ; polywave LED LUC (Bluephase 20i)

Zorzin et al., 2015 ³⁹39. Zorzin J, Maier E, Harre S, Fey T, Belli R, Lohbauer U et al. Bulk-fill resin composites: polymerization properties and extended light curing. Dent Mater. 2015;31(3):293-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.12.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.12...	Filtek BulkFill, SureFil SDR, TetricEvoCeram BulkFill, Venus BulkFill, and X-traBase	High and low	FTIR and Microhardness	10-, 20-, and 30-sec; 1200 mW/cm ² ; polywave LED LUC (Bluephase 20i)	24 hours	PARTIALLY. All investigated bulk-fills had sufficient polymerization properties at 4 mm increment thickness in terms of not significant lower %DC compared to 0 mm. Still, when the 80% bottom-top-ratio criterion was applied as a minimum acceptable threshold, all investigated materials, with exception of TBF and FSF in the manufacturers’ light-curing time (TBF 10 s, FSF 20 s at 1200 mW/cm2), showed adequate hardness at 4 mm. At higher radiant exposure (30 s at 1200 mW/cm ² ) all materials reached at least 80% bottom-top-ratio.

Articles	Control group	Sample size	Experimental groups	Mechanical test	Score
Benetti et al., ³3. Benetti AR, Havndrup-Pedersen C, Honoré D, Pedersen MK, Pallesen U. Bulk-fill resin composites: polymerization contraction, depth of cure, and gap formation. Oper Dent. 2015;40(2):190-200. https://doi.org/10.2341/13-324-L https://doi.org/10.2341/13-324-L... 2015	1	1	2	1	5
Czasch and Ilie, ¹⁸18. Czasch P, Ilie N. In vitro comparison of mechanical properties and degree of cure of bulk fill composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Jan;17(1):227-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-012-0702-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-012-0702-... 2013	2	2	1	3	8
Flury et al. ¹⁶16. Flury S, Hayoz S, Peutzfeldt A, Hüsler J, Lussi A. Depth of cure of resin composites: is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulk fill materials? Dent Mater. 2012;28(5):521-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.02.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.02... , 2012	3	3	2	3	11
Garcia et al., ³⁴34. Garcia D, Yaman P, Dennison J, Neiva G. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk fill flowable composite resins. Oper Dent. 2014;39(4):441-8. https://doi.org/10.2341/12-484-L https://doi.org/10.2341/12-484-L... 2014	3	2	2	3	10
Ilie et al., ¹⁰10. Ilie N, Bucuta S, Draenert M. Bulk-fill resin-based composites: an in vitro assessment of their mechanical performance. Oper Dent. 2013;38(6):618-25. https://doi.org/10.2341/12-395-L https://doi.org/10.2341/12-395-L... 2013	2	2	1	3	8
Lempel et al., ³⁵35. Lempel E, Czibulya Z, Kovács B, Szalma J, Tóth Á, Kunsági-Máté S, Varga Z, Böddi K. Degree of conversion and BisGMA, TEGDMA, UDMA eution from flowable bulk fill composites. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;20;17(5). https://do.org/10.3390/ijms17050732 https://do.org/10.3390/ijms17050732... 2016	3	2	2	2	9
Miletic et al., ³⁶36. Miletic V, Pongprueksa P, De Munck J, Brooks NR, Van Meerbeek B. Curing characteristics of flowable and sculptable bulk-fill composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(4):1201-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1894-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1894-... 2016	3	2	2	3	10
Nagi et al., ³⁷37. Nagi SM, Moharam LM, Zaazou MH. Effect of resin thickness, and curing time on the micro-hardness of bulk-fill resin composites. J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(5):e600-4. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52536 https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52536... 2015	2	2	2	2	8
Pongprueksa et al., ³⁸38. Pongprueksa P, De Munck J, Duca RC, Poels K, Covaci A, Hoet P et al. Monomer elution in relation to degree of conversion for different types of composite. Dent. 2015;43(12):1448-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.10.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.10.... 2015	3	2	1	2	8
Zorzin et al., ³⁹39. Zorzin J, Maier E, Harre S, Fey T, Belli R, Lohbauer U et al. Bulk-fill resin composites: polymerization properties and extended light curing. Dent Mater. 2015;31(3):293-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.12.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.12... 2015	3	2	2	3	10

Articles	Light curing protocol	Aging evaluation	Post-cure time evaluation	Score
Benetti et al., ³3. Benetti AR, Havndrup-Pedersen C, Honoré D, Pedersen MK, Pallesen U. Bulk-fill resin composites: polymerization contraction, depth of cure, and gap formation. Oper Dent. 2015;40(2):190-200. https://doi.org/10.2341/13-324-L https://doi.org/10.2341/13-324-L... 2015	3	0	1	4
Czasch and Ilie, ¹⁸18. Czasch P, Ilie N. In vitro comparison of mechanical properties and degree of cure of bulk fill composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Jan;17(1):227-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-012-0702-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-012-0702-... 2013	3	2	2	7
Flury et al. ¹⁶16. Flury S, Hayoz S, Peutzfeldt A, Hüsler J, Lussi A. Depth of cure of resin composites: is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulk fill materials? Dent Mater. 2012;28(5):521-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.02.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.02... , 2012	3	0	1	4
Garcia et al., ³⁴34. Garcia D, Yaman P, Dennison J, Neiva G. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk fill flowable composite resins. Oper Dent. 2014;39(4):441-8. https://doi.org/10.2341/12-484-L https://doi.org/10.2341/12-484-L... 2014	3	2	2	7
Ilie et al., ¹⁰10. Ilie N, Bucuta S, Draenert M. Bulk-fill resin-based composites: an in vitro assessment of their mechanical performance. Oper Dent. 2013;38(6):618-25. https://doi.org/10.2341/12-395-L https://doi.org/10.2341/12-395-L... 2013	3	2	2	7
Lempel et al., ³⁵35. Lempel E, Czibulya Z, Kovács B, Szalma J, Tóth Á, Kunsági-Máté S, Varga Z, Böddi K. Degree of conversion and BisGMA, TEGDMA, UDMA eution from flowable bulk fill composites. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;20;17(5). https://do.org/10.3390/ijms17050732 https://do.org/10.3390/ijms17050732... 2016	3	0	2	5
Miletic et al., ³⁶36. Miletic V, Pongprueksa P, De Munck J, Brooks NR, Van Meerbeek B. Curing characteristics of flowable and sculptable bulk-fill composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(4):1201-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1894-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1894-... 2016	3	2	2	7
Nagi et al., ³⁷37. Nagi SM, Moharam LM, Zaazou MH. Effect of resin thickness, and curing time on the micro-hardness of bulk-fill resin composites. J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(5):e600-4. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52536 https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52536... 2015	3	2	2	7
Pongprueksa et al., ³⁸38. Pongprueksa P, De Munck J, Duca RC, Poels K, Covaci A, Hoet P et al. Monomer elution in relation to degree of conversion for different types of composite. Dent. 2015;43(12):1448-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.10.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.10.... 2015	3	0	1	4
Zorzin et al., ³⁹39. Zorzin J, Maier E, Harre S, Fey T, Belli R, Lohbauer U et al. Bulk-fill resin composites: polymerization properties and extended light curing. Dent Mater. 2015;31(3):293-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.12.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.12... 2015	3	2	2	7

Articles	Study design	Methodological soundness	% Score	Classification
Benetti et al., ³3. Benetti AR, Havndrup-Pedersen C, Honoré D, Pedersen MK, Pallesen U. Bulk-fill resin composites: polymerization contraction, depth of cure, and gap formation. Oper Dent. 2015;40(2):190-200. https://doi.org/10.2341/13-324-L https://doi.org/10.2341/13-324-L... 2015	5	4	47%	Low
Czasch and Ilie, ¹⁸18. Czasch P, Ilie N. In vitro comparison of mechanical properties and degree of cure of bulk fill composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Jan;17(1):227-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-012-0702-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-012-0702-... 2013	8	7	79%	High
Flury et al. ¹⁶16. Flury S, Hayoz S, Peutzfeldt A, Hüsler J, Lussi A. Depth of cure of resin composites: is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulk fill materials? Dent Mater. 2012;28(5):521-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.02.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.02... , 2012	11	4	79%	High
Garcia et al., ³⁴34. Garcia D, Yaman P, Dennison J, Neiva G. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk fill flowable composite resins. Oper Dent. 2014;39(4):441-8. https://doi.org/10.2341/12-484-L https://doi.org/10.2341/12-484-L... 2014	10	7	89%	High
Ilie et al., ¹⁰10. Ilie N, Bucuta S, Draenert M. Bulk-fill resin-based composites: an in vitro assessment of their mechanical performance. Oper Dent. 2013;38(6):618-25. https://doi.org/10.2341/12-395-L https://doi.org/10.2341/12-395-L... 2013	8	7	79%	High
Lempel et al., ³⁵35. Lempel E, Czibulya Z, Kovács B, Szalma J, Tóth Á, Kunsági-Máté S, Varga Z, Böddi K. Degree of conversion and BisGMA, TEGDMA, UDMA eution from flowable bulk fill composites. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;20;17(5). https://do.org/10.3390/ijms17050732 https://do.org/10.3390/ijms17050732... 2016	9	5	74%	High
Miletic et al., ³⁶36. Miletic V, Pongprueksa P, De Munck J, Brooks NR, Van Meerbeek B. Curing characteristics of flowable and sculptable bulk-fill composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(4):1201-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1894-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1894-... 2016	10	7	89%	High
Nagi et al., ³⁷37. Nagi SM, Moharam LM, Zaazou MH. Effect of resin thickness, and curing time on the micro-hardness of bulk-fill resin composites. J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(5):e600-4. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52536 https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52536... 2015	8	7	79%	High
Pongprueksa et al., ³⁸38. Pongprueksa P, De Munck J, Duca RC, Poels K, Covaci A, Hoet P et al. Monomer elution in relation to degree of conversion for different types of composite. Dent. 2015;43(12):1448-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.10.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.10.... 2015	8	4	63%	Moderate
Zorzin et al., ³⁹39. Zorzin J, Maier E, Harre S, Fey T, Belli R, Lohbauer U et al. Bulk-fill resin composites: polymerization properties and extended light curing. Dent Mater. 2015;31(3):293-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.12.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.12... 2015	10	7	89%	High

[1] Corresponding Author: André Figueiredo Reis. E-mail: reisandre@yahoo.com

Brasil

Brasil

Efficiency of polymerization of bulk-fill composite resins: a systematic review

Abstract