CHOQUETTE et al.53
|
Overweight-to-obese post-menopausal women; divided into 4 groups: (1) placebo, (2) isoflavones, (3) exercise & placebo & (4) exercise & isoflavone. |
Maximal muscle strength at the leg press & the bench press, muscle mass index, muscle quality in the legs & relative strength. |
Isoflavones, irrespective of exercise, did not produce changes in any strength related variables. |
EKENROS et al.63
|
Same woman at 3 specific phases of an OC cycle, as well as during a menstrual cycle of the corresponding cycle days (non-OC cycle). |
Maximal isokinetic muscle strength of knee extensors, isometric handgrip strength, & 1-leg hop test for distance. |
No support for any significant influence of OC use on muscle strength & hop performance in healthy moderately active women. |
WILD et al.59
|
Pubertal girls, in Tanner stage II & 4-6 months from their peak height velocity. Tested 4 times during the 12 months of their growth spurt, according to the timing of their maturity offset (test 1: maturity offset = -6 to -4 months; test 2: maturity offset = 0 months; test 3: maturity offset = +4 months; test 4: maturity offset = +8 months). |
Anterior knee laxity, lower limb flexibility, & isokinetic strength. |
A significant effect of time on anterior knee laxity was shown from the time of peak height velocity, although no changes in oestradiol concentration were displayed over time. Participants displayed a significant increase in isokinetic quadriceps strength over time, with no apparent increase in isokinetic hamstring strength. |
JACOBSEN et al.52
|
Women aged >70 were randomized; 290 received the allocated intervention: 97 placebo, 101 raloxifene, & 92 tibolone. |
Handgrip strength. |
In women >70 years old, raloxifene and tibolone significantly & similarly increased body mass density but not muscle strength. |
RIBOM et al.51
|
Post-menopausal. |
The stand-up test was used to assess leg muscle strength & balance. Handgrip & leg muscle strength were measured using JAMAR & modified Cybex dynamometers. |
Short-term treatment with low-dose tibolone (1.25 mg/d) seems not to affect muscle strength in older women. |
BURGESS et al.57
|
Eumenorrheic; days 3 +/- 0.4, 13 +/- 0.2, and 21 +/- 0.3. |
In vivo patellar tendon properties assessed by dynamometry. |
In terms of tendon properties, menstrual cycle phase does not necessarily need to be considered when organizing training and competition schedules. |
MONTGOMERY & SHULTZ58
|
Eumenorrheic; early follicular and either the early luteal or midluteal phases. |
Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque of the knee flexors and extensors. |
Thigh MVIC torque did not change from time of menses (when oestradiol & progesterone were lowest) to time in the luteal phase after an unopposed oestradiol rise or combined oestradiol & progesterone rise. |
TSAMPOUKOS et al.60
|
Three phases of the menstrual cycle; follicular, just prior to ovulation & luteal. |
Repeated 30-s sprint on a non-motorised treadmill interspersed with a 2-min rest, peak power output & mean power output. |
Hormonal fluctuations due to menstrual cycle phase do not interfere with maximal intensity whole body sprinting & the metabolic responses to such exercise. |
NICHOLS et al.62
|
Premenopausal; OC & non-OC users. |
One-repetition maximum bench press, 10-repetition maximum leg extension, isokinetic peak torque bench press, & isokinetic peak torque leg extension. |
The use of combination OCAs did not provide sufficient androgenic effect to increase strength gains beyond the stimulus of the training protocol. |
ABT et al.56
|
Pre-menopausal; eumenorrheic (menses, post-ovulatory, & mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle). |
Fine motor coordination, postural stability, knee strength, & knee joint kinematics and kinetics. |
Neuromuscular & biomechanical characteristics are not influenced by fluctuation in oestradiol and progesterone. All neuromuscular & biomechanical characteristics remained invariable between testing sessions despite concentration changes in oestradiol and progesterone. |
HERTEL et al.55
|
Eumenorrheic; mid-follicular, ovulatory, & mid-luteal stages. |
Knee flexion & extension peak torque, passive knee joint position sense, & postural control in single leg stance. |
Neuromuscular control & knee joint laxity do not change substantially across the menstrual cycle of females despite varying oestrogen & progesterone levels. |
LEBRUN et al.49
|
Women aged 56-73 years, 8-30 years postmenopausal. |
Muscle strength was measured using dynamometry. |
No consistent relation was found between serum levels of hormones measured & strength. In the elderly & late postmenopausal women hormonal factors do not predict quality of life. |
SIPILA et al.50
|
Post-menopausal women. |
Isometric muscle strength. |
Higher serum oestradiol concentration & greater muscle strength were independently associated with a low incidence of fall-related limb fractures even after adjustment for bone density. Hormonal status & muscle strength have their own separate mechanisms protecting from fall-related fractures. |
DAYAL et al.46
|
Postmenopausal women randomized to (1) hydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA) 50 mg daily, (2) conjugated equine oestrogen (CEE) 0.625 mg daily, (3) DHEA 50 mg+CEE 0.625 mg daily, or (4) placebo. |
Muscle mass, muscle strength & muscle endurance. |
Compared with no hormone therapy, none of the supplemental hormone groups caused significant changes in muscle mass, muscle strength & muscle endurance. Androgen replacement therapy, with DHEA, to menopausal women increases serum androgen levels without any appreciable effect on muscle cross-sectional area, muscle strength, muscle function, or improvement in health-related QOL. |
ELLIOTT et al.61
|
Pre-menopausal; OC & non-OC users (days 7 & 14 of pill consumption & day 5 of pill withdrawal & days 2 & 21 of the menstrual cycle). |
Maximum dynamic & isometric leg strength & maximum isometric strength of the first dorsal interosseus muscle. |
Oral contraceptive use does not significantly affect muscle strength. Moreover, oral contraceptive users are not stronger or weaker than their eumenorrheic counterparts. |
GRUNDBERG et al.54
|
Pre-menopausal. |
Quadriceps, hamstring & grip strength. |
The TA-repeat in the human ERalpha gene does not correlate with muscle strength or body mass measurements, indicating that body composition is not as sensitive to genetic variation in this receptor as other target organs for oestrogen. |
SCHAAP et al.47
|
Men & women aged 65-88 years. |
Physical performance, functional limitations & muscle strength. |
Low levels of sex hormones were associated with impaired mobility and low muscle strength in men, but not in women. Levels of sex hormones were not associated with the incidence of falls neither in men, nor in women. |
TAAFFE et al.48
|
Post-menopausal; current estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) users & nonusers |
Isometric hand grip & isokinetic knee extensor strength assessed by dynamometry. Physical function assessed using 6-m walk & narrow walk speed, repeated chair stands, & standing balance. |
The associations between ERT & muscle composition & strength were minor & did not translate into improved physical function. Initiation of ERT for preservation of muscle composition & function may not be indicated. |
MADDALOZZO et al.45
|
Non-randomized [self-selected HRT and non-HRT replaced] post-menopausal women. |
Upper- & lower-body peak force by isokinetic dynamometry & leg power by the Bassey Power Rig. |
HRT does not play a role in either increasing or maintaining strength, lean muscle mass, lower limb power, or the attenuation of increases in total body or abdominal fat, at least in this group of postmenopausal women during the initial years of menopause. |