Quality of life of adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Costa, Luce Marina F.C. da; Vieira, Sandra E.

doi:10.6061/clinics/2015(03)04

Luce Marina F.C. da Costa

Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Nursing, Cuiabá/MT, Brazil.

Sandra E. Vieira ^**corresponding author - E-mail: sandra@hu.usp.br or sandvieira1@uol.com.br

Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Pediatrics, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.

Costa LM planned the study, conducted the survey and contributed to the interpretation of the results. Vieira SE planned the study, contributed to the interpretation of the results, wrote the paper and submitted the study.

*corresponding author - E-mail: sandra@hu.usp.br or sandvieira1@uol.com.br

Tables (7)

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Table 1
Sociodemographic, clinical and treatment characteristics of 96 adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

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Table 2A
Bivariate analysis of associations between sociodemographic characteristics and the domains “Satisfaction” and “Impact”.

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Table 2B
Bivariate analysis of associations between sociodemographic characteristics and the domains “Concerns” and “Total score”.

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Table 3A
Bivariate analysis of associations between clinical characteristics and the domains “Satisfaction” and “Impact”.

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Table 3B
Bivariate analysis of associations between clinical characteristics and the domain “Worries” and the total score.

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Table 4
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with scores above the medians in the “Satisfaction” and “Worries” domains and the total score.

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Characteristic Satisfaction Impact Above median Below median PR IC 95% P Above median Below median PR IC 95% p n % n % n % n % Time with DM ≥ 3 years 32 54.24 27 45.76 1.67 [1.01 ; 2.81] 0.037 30 50.85 29 49.15 1.25 [0.79 ; 2.00] 0.325 1 a < 3 years 12 32.43 25 67.57 1.00 15 40.54 22 59.46 1.00 Insulin/day ≥ 3 injections 30 50.00 30 50.00 1.25 [0.78 ; 2.02] 0.346 30 50.00 30 50.00 1.17 [0.74 ; 1.85] 0.501 ≤ 2 injections 14 40.00 21 60.00 1.00 15 42.86 20 57.14 1.00 Type of insulin UR 0 0.00 7 100.0 0.00 - 0.004 3 42.86 4 57.14 0.94 [0.38 ; 2.31] 1.00 I/I+R/I+UR 16 55.17 13 44.83 1.16 [0.76 ; 1.79] 0.494 16 55.17 13 44.83 1.21 [0.78 ; 1.87] 0.402 S+R/S+UR 27 47.37 30 52.63 1.00 26 45.61 31 54.39 1.00 Self-monitoring of glycaemia No 3 50.00 3 50.00 1.10 [0.48 ; 2.52] 1.00 42 46.67 48 53.33 Yes 41 45.56 49 54.44 1.00 3 50.00 3 50.00 1.07 [0.47 ; 2.46] 1.00 Hipoglycaemia Yes 32 45.07 39 54.93 0.94 [0.58 ; 1.52] 0.800 35 49.30 36 50.70 1.23 [0.72 ; 2.10] 0.423 No 12 48.00 13 52.00 1.00 10 40.00 15 60.00 1.00 Hipo or hiper Yes 42 45.16 51 54.84 0.68 [0.30 ; 1.56] 0.592* 44 47.31 49 52.69 1.42 [0.28 ; 7.13] 1.00 No 2 66.67 1 33.33 1.00 1 33.33 2 66.67 1.00 Last HbA1c ≥ 6 months 10 62.50 6 37.50 1.53 [0.93 ; 2.52] 0.125 7 43.75 9 56.25 0.98 [0.52 ; 1.85] 0.961 3 a < 6 months 12 46.15 14 53.85 1.13 [0.67 ; 1.92] 0.646 14 53.85 12 46.15 1.21 [0.76 ; 1.93] 0.430 < 3 months 22 40.74 32 59.26 1.00 24 44.44 30 55.56 1.00 Physical activity Yes 37 43.02 49 56.98 1.00 40 46.51 46 53.49 1.00 No 7 70.00 3 30.00 1.63 [1.01 ; 2.61] 0.178* 5 50.00 5 50.00 1.08 [0.56 ; 2.08] 1.00 Physical Activity Never 7 70.00 3 30.00 1.65 [0.99 ; 2.70] 0.172* 5 50.00 5 50.00 1.06 [0.54 ; 2.08] 1.00* ≤ 2 times / week 9 45.00 11 55.00 1.06 [0.61 ; 1.86] 0.838 9 45.00 11 55.00 0.96 [0.55 ; 1.66] 0.877 ≥ 3 times/ week 28 42.42 38 57.58 1.00 31 46.97 35 53.03 1.00 Nutritional Status Thinness 3 75.00 1 25.00 1.69 [0.91 ; 3.14] 0.328* 2 50.00 2 50.00 1.16 [0.42 ; 3.20] 1.00 Eutrofic 35 44.30 44 55.70 1.00 34 43.04 45 56.96 1.00 Overweight 6 46.15 7 53.85 1.04 [0.55 ; 1.97] 0.901 9 69.23 4 30.77 1.61 [0.98 ; 2.50] 0.079 Value last Hb1Ac > 7 % 39 50.00 39 50.00 1.80 [0.83 ; 3.92] 0.088 39 50.00 39 50.00 1.50 [0.75 ; 2.99] 0.202 ≤ 7% 5 27.78 13 72.22 1.00 6 33.33 12 66.67 1.00

Characteristics	Category	Number	%
Gender	Female	55	57.29
	Male	41	42.71
Age in years	10 — 14	55	57.29
	15 — 19	41	42.71
Race
	White	45	46.88
	Nonwhite	51	53.12

Family income ^a aBrazilian minimum monthly wage; #R = rapid-acting, S = slow-acting; UR = ultra-rapid-acting; and I = intermediate-acting.	1 — 2	30	31.25
	3 — 4	28	29.17
	≥ 5	38	39.58
Years of schooling	≤ 8	58	60.42
	> 8	38	39.58
Occupation	Study + work	10	10.42
	Study only	86	89.58
Type of school	Public	62	64.58
	Private	34	35.42
Maternal education in years	≤ 8	19	19.79
	> 8	77	80.21
Paternal education in years	≤ 8	35	36.46
	> 8	61	63.54
Type of health service	Public	43	44.79
	Private	53	55.21
Time of diagnosis in years	≥ 3	59	61.46
	1 — <3	37	38.54
Insulin injections - times per day	≥ 3	60	63.16
	≤ 2	35	36.84
Type of insulin used^#	R	2	2.11
	S/S+R	5	5.26
	S+UR	52	54.74
	I/I+R/I+UR	29	30.52
	UR (pump)	7	7.37
Self-monitoring of glycemia	Yes	90	93.75
	No	6	6.25
Hypoglycemia	Yes	71	73.96
	No	25	26.04
Chronic complications of DM	Yes	1	1.04
	No	95	98.96
Hypo- and/or hyperglycemia in the last month	Yes	93	96.88
	No	3	3.13
Hospitalization due to T1DM or complications	Yes	67	30.21
	No	29	69.79
Carbohydrate counting	Yes	27	71.88
	No	69	28.13
Time since the last HbA1c measurement in months	<3	54	56.25
	3 — <6	26	27.08
	6 or more	16	16.67
Value of the last HbA1c measurement	> 7% ≤ 7%	78 18	81.25 18.75
Physical activities	Yes	86	89.58
	No	10	10.42
Frequency of physical activities per week	None	10	10.42
	1 — 2	20	20.83
	3 or more	66	68.75
Nutritional status	Thin	4	4.17
	Eutrophic	79	82.29
	Overweight	10	10.42
	Obesity	3	3.13

Characteristics	Satisfaction							Impact
	Above the median		Below the median					Above the median		Below the median
	n	%	n	%	PR	CI 95%	p	n	%	n	%	PR	CI 95%	p
Gender
Female	29	52.73	26	47.27	1.44	[0.90; 2.32]	0.116	26	47.27	29	57.73	1.02	[0.66; 1.57]	0.928
Male	15	36.59	26	63.41	1.00			19	46.34	22	53.66	1.00
Age
10 - 14 years	23	41.82	32	58.18	0.82	[0.53; 1.26]	0.360	24	43.64	31	56.36	0.85	[0.56; 1.30]	0.461
15 - 19 years	21	51.22	20	48.78	1.00			21	51.22	20	48.78	1.00
Race
Nonwhite	23	50.00	23	50.00	1.32	[0.82; 2.16]	0.240	21	45.65	25	54.35	0.98	[0.63; 1.52]	0.923
White	17	37.78	28	62.22	1.00			21	46.67	24	53.33	1.00
Family income^# # = Brazilian minimum monthly wage.
1 — 2	18	60.00	12	40.00	1.90	[1.09; 3.30]	0.019	18	60.00	12	40.00	1.42	[0.89; 2.29]	0.143
3 — 4	14	50.00	14	50.00	1.58	[0.87; 2.88]	0.130	11	39.29	17	60.71	0.93	[0.52; 1.69]	0.818
≥ 5	12	31.58	26	68.42	1.00			16	42.10	22	57.90	1.00
Schooling
≤ 8 years	25	43.10	33	56.90	0.86	[0.56; 1.33]	0.507	26	44.83	32	55.17	0.90	[0.59; 1.38]	0.619
> 8 years	19	50.00	19	50.00	1.00			19	50.00	19	50.00	1.00
Occupation
Study + work	7	70.00	3	30.00	1.63	[0.97; 2.61]	0.178	5	50.00	5	50.00	1.08	[0.56; 2.08]	1.00*
Study only	37	43.02	49	56.98	1.00			40	46.51	46	53.49	1.00
Type of school
Public	32	51.61	30	48.39	1.46	[0.87; 2.45]	0.125	31	50.00	31	50.00	1.21	[0.76; 1.95]	0.407
Private	12	35.29	22	64.71	1.00			14	41.18	20	58.82	1.00
Maternal education
≤ 8 years	11	57.90	8	42.10	1.35	[0.85; 2.14]	0.239	10	52.63	9	47.37	1.16	[0.71; 1.89]	0.574
> 8 years	33	42.86	44	57.14	1.00			35	45.45	42	54.55	1.00
Paternal education
≤ 8 years	19	54.29	16	45.71	1.32	[0.86; 2.03]	0.208	20	57.14	15	42.86	1.39	[0.92; 2.11]	0.127
> 8 years	25	40.98	36	59.02	1.00			25	40.98	36	59.02	1.00
Type of health service
Public	27	62.79	16	37.21	1.96	[1.24; 3.08]	0.003	22	51.16	21	48.84	1.18	[0.77; 1.80]	0.448
Private	17	32.08	36	67.92	1.00			23	43.40	30	56.60	1.00

Characteristics	CONCERNS							TOTAL IQVJD
	Above the median		Below the median					Above the median		Below the median
	n	%	n	%	PR_b	CI 95%	p	n	%	n	%	PR	CI 95%	p
Gender
Female	31	56.36	24	43.64	1.54	[0.97; 2.45]	0.05	29	52.73	26	47.27	1.20	[0.78; 1.84]	0.392
Male	15	36.59	26	63.41	1.00			18	43.90	23	56.10	1.00
Age
10 − 14 years	29	52.73	26	47.27	1.27	[0.82; 1.98]	0.27	25	45.45	30	54.55	0.85	[0.57; 1.27]	0.436
15 - 19 years	17	41.46	24	58.54	1.00			22	53.66	19	46.34	1.00
Race
Nonwhite	23	50.00	23	50.00	1.12	[0.73; 1.74]	0.60	22	47.83	24	52.17	1.02	[0.66; 1.58]	0.912
White	20	44.44	25	55.56	1.00			21	46.67	24	53.33	1.00
Family income^# # = Brazilian minimum monthly wage.
1 — 2	21	70.00	9	30.00	2.42	[1.40;4.19]	0.001	20	66.67	10	33.33	1.81	[1.11; 2.94]	0.015
3 — 4	14	50.00	14	50.00	1.73	[0.93; 3.21]	0.08	13	46.43	15	53.57	1.26	[0.71; 2.24]	0.434
≥ 5	11	28.95	27	71.05	1.00			14	36.84	24	63.16	1.00
Schooling
≤ 8 years	30	51.72	28	48.28	1.23	[0.79; 1.92]	0.36	27	46.55	31	53.45	0.88	[0.59; 1.33]	0.560
> 8 years	16	42.10	22	57.89	1.00			20	52.63	18	47.37	1.00
Occupation
Study + work	2	20.00	8	80.00	0.39	[0.11; 1.37]	0.09*	6	60.00	4	40.00	1.26	[0.72; 2.19]	0.520*
Study only	44	51.16	42	48.83	1.00			41	47.67	45	52.33	1.00
School
Public	35	56.45	27	43.55	1.74	[1.02;2.97]	0.024	35	56.45	27	43.55	1.60	[1.01; 2.65]	0.047
Private	11	32.35	23	67.65	1.00			12	35.29	22	64.71	1.00
Maternal education
≤ 8 years	11	57.90	8	42.10	1.27	[0.81; 2.01]	0.331	11	57.90	8	42.10	1.24	[0.79; 1.94]	0.384
> 8 years	35	45.45	42	54.55	1.00			36	46.75	41	53.25	1.00
Paternal education
≤ 8	24	68.57	11	31.43	1.90	[1.27;2.84]	0.002	23	65.71	12	34.29	1.67	[1.13; 2.47]	0.013
> 8	22	36.07	39	63.93	1.00			24	39.34	37	60.66	1.00
Health service
Public	27	62.79	16	37.21	1.75	[1.14;2.69]	0.009	27	62.79	16	37.21	1.66	[1.10; 2.52]	0.015
Private	19	35.85	34	64.15	1.00			20	37.74	33	62.26	1.00

Characteristics	Worries							Total Score
	Above median		Below median		PR	CI 95%	p	Above median		Below median		PR	CI 95%	p
	n	%	n	%				n	%	n	%
Time with DM
≥ 3 years	29	49.15	30	50.85	1.07	[0.69; 1.65]	0.760	34	57.63	25	42.37	1.64	[1.01; 2.68]	0.032
> 1 — <3 years	17	45.95	20	54.05	1.00			13	35.14	24	64.86	1.00
Insulin/day
≥ 3 injections	29	48.33	31	51.67	1.00	[0.65; 1.53]	0.982	31	51.66	29	48.33	1.13	[0.73; 1.75]	0.576
≤ 2 injections	17	48.57	18	51.43	1.00			16	45.71	19	54.29	1.00
Type of insulin
UR	1	14.29	6	85.71	0.29	[0.05; 1.82]	0.116*	1	14.29	6	85.71	0.27	[0.04; 1.69]	0.105
I/I+R/I+UR	17	58.62	12	41.38	1.19	[0.80; 1.79]	0.404	16	55.17	13	44.83	1.05	[0.70; 1.58]	0.823
S+R/S+UR	28	49.12	29	50.88	1.00			30	52.63	27	47.37	1.00
Self-monitoring of glycemia
No	45	50.00	45	50.00	1.00			44	48.89	46	51.11	1.00
Yes	1	16.67	5	83.33	0.33	[0.06; 2.02]	0.206*	3	50.00	3	50.00	1.02	[0.45; 2.34]	1.00
Hypoglycemia
Yes	31	43.66	40	56.34	0.73	[0.48; 1.10]	0.160	36	50.70	35	49.30	1.15	[0.70; 1.90]	0.564
No	15	60.00	10	40.00	1.00			11	44.00	14	56.00	1.00
Hypo- or hyperglycemia
Yes	44	47.31	49	52.69	0.71	[0.31; 1.62]	0.606	45	48.39	48	51.61	0.73	[0.32; 1.66]	0.613
No	2	66.67	1	33.33	1.00			2	66.67	1	33.33	1.00
Last HbA1c measurement
≥ 6 months	9	56.25	7	43.75	1.27	[0.75; 2.14]	0.406	10	62.50	6	37.50	1.41	[0.87; 2.28]	0.204
> 3 and <6 months	13	50.00	13	50.00	1.12	[0.69; 1.83]	0.641	13	50.00	13	50.00	1.12	[0.69; 1.83]	0.641
<3 months	24	44.44	30	55.56	1.00			24	44.44	30	55.56	1.00
Physical activity
Yes	40	46.51	46	53.49	1.00			43	50.00	43	50.00	1.00
No	6	60.00	4	40.00	1.29	[0.74; 2.25]	0.513	4	40.00	6	60.00	0.80	[0.36; 1.76]	0.741*
Physical activity
Never	6	60.00	4	40.00	1.47	[0.82; 2.63]	0.315*	4	40.00	6	60.00	0.80	[0.36; 1.77]	0.737*
≤ 2 times/week	13	65.00	7	35.00	1.59	[0.99; 2.45]	0.058	10	50.00	10	50.00	1.00	[0.61; 1.65]	1.000
≥ 3 times/week	27	40.91	39	59.09	1.00			33	50.00	33	50.00	1.00
Nutritional status
Thin	0	0.00	4	100.00	0.00	-	0.017	2	50.00	2	50.00	1.01	[0.37; 2.77]	1.000*
Eutrophic	41	51.90	38	48.10	1.00			39	49.37	40	50.63	1.00
Overweight	5	38.46	8	61.54	0.74	[0.36; 1.52]	0.369	6	46.15	7	53.85	0.94	[0.50; 1.75]	0.830
Value of last Hb1Ac measurement								43	55.14	35	44.87	2.48	[1.02; 6.02]	0.012
> 7%	41	52.56	37	47.44	1.89	[0.87; 4.10]	0.058	43	55.14	35	44.87	2.48	[1.02; 6.02]	0.012
≤ 7%	5	27.78	13	72.22	1.00			4	22.22	14	77.78	1.00

Characteristics	Worries							Total Score
	Above median		Below median		PR	CI 95%	p	Above median		Below median		PR	CI 95%	p
	n	%	n	%				n	%	n	%
Time with DM
≥ 3 years	29	49.15	30	50.85	1.07	[0.69; 1.65]	0.760	34	57.63	25	42.37	1.64	[1.01; 2.68]	0.032
> 1 — <3 years	17	45.95	20	54.05	1.00			13	35.14	24	64.86	1.00
Insulin/day
≥ 3 injections	29	48.33	31	51.67	1.00	[0.65; 1.53]	0.982	31	51.66	29	48.33	1.13	[0.73; 1.75]	0.576
≤ 2 injections	17	48.57	18	51.43	1.00			16	45.71	19	54.29	1.00
Type of insulin
UR	1	14.29	6	85.71	0.29	[0.05; 1.82]	0.116*	1	14.29	6	85.71	0.27	[0.04; 1.69]	0.105
I/I+R/I+UR	17	58.62	12	41.38	1.19	[0.80; 1.79]	0.404	16	55.17	13	44.83	1.05	[0.70; 1.58]	0.823
S+R/S+UR	28	49.12	29	50.88	1.00			30	52.63	27	47.37	1.00
Self-monitoring of glycemia
No	45	50.00	45	50.00	1.00			44	48.89	46	51.11	1.00
Yes	1	16.67	5	83.33	0.33	[0.06; 2.02]	0.206*	3	50.00	3	50.00	1.02	[0.45; 2.34]	1.00
Hypoglycemia
Yes	31	43.66	40	56.34	0.73	[0.48; 1.10]	0.160	36	50.70	35	49.30	1.15	[0.70; 1.90]	0.564
No	15	60.00	10	40.00	1.00			11	44.00	14	56.00	1.00
Hypo- or hyperglycemia
Yes	44	47.31	49	52.69	0.71	[0.31; 1.62]	0.606	45	48.39	48	51.61	0.73	[0.32; 1.66]	0.613
No	2	66.67	1	33.33	1.00			2	66.67	1	33.33	1.00
Last HbA1c measurement
≥ 6 months	9	56.25	7	43.75	1.27	[0.75; 2.14]	0.406	10	62.50	6	37.50	1.41	[0.87; 2.28]	0.204
> 3 and <6 months	13	50.00	13	50.00	1.12	[0.69; 1.83]	0.641	13	50.00	13	50.00	1.12	[0.69; 1.83]	0.641
<3 months	24	44.44	30	55.56	1.00			24	44.44	30	55.56	1.00
Physical activity
Yes	40	46.51	46	53.49	1.00			43	50.00	43	50.00	1.00
No	6	60.00	4	40.00	1.29	[0.74; 2.25]	0.513	4	40.00	6	60.00	0.80	[0.36; 1.76]	0.741*
Physical activity
Never	6	60.00	4	40.00	1.47	[0.82; 2.63]	0.315*	4	40.00	6	60.00	0.80	[0.36; 1.77]	0.737*
≤ 2 times/week	13	65.00	7	35.00	1.59	[0.99; 2.45]	0.058	10	50.00	10	50.00	1.00	[0.61; 1.65]	1.000
≥ 3 times/week	27	40.91	39	59.09	1.00			33	50.00	33	50.00	1.00
Nutritional status
Thin	0	0.00	4	100.00	0.00	-	0.017	2	50.00	2	50.00	1.01	[0.37; 2.77]	1.000*
Eutrophic	41	51.90	38	48.10	1.00			39	49.37	40	50.63	1.00
Overweight	5	38.46	8	61.54	0.74	[0.36; 1.52]	0.369	6	46.15	7	53.85	0.94	[0.50; 1.75]	0.830
Value of last Hb1Ac measurement								43	55.14	35	44.87	2.48	[1.02; 6.02]	0.012
> 7%	41	52.56	37	47.44	1.89	[0.87; 4.10]	0.058	43	55.14	35	44.87	2.48	[1.02; 6.02]	0.012
≤ 7%	5	27.78	13	72.22	1.00			4	22.22	14	77.78	1.00

Characteristics	Satisfaction domain
	PR	CI 95%	p
Type of health service
Public	1.84	1.19 - 2.85	0.006
Private	1.00
Time since diagnosis
> 3 years	1.71	1.03 - 2.86	0.039
1 - 3 years	1.00
Physical activity
No	2.02	1.06 - 3.84	0.032
Yes	1.00
Worries domain
Gender
Female	1.56	1.01 - 2.42	0.048
Male	1.00
Total score
Type of health service
Public	1.57	1.05 - 2.34	0.029
Private	1.00

Characteristic	Satisfaction							Impact
		Above median		Below median		PR	IC 95%	P	Above median		Below median		PR	IC 95%	p
		n	%	n	%	PR	IC 95%	P				n	PR	IC 95%	p	%	n	%
Time with DM
≥ 3 years	32	54.24	27	45.76	1.67	[1.01 ; 2.81]	0.037	30	50.85	29	49.15	1.25	[0.79 ; 2.00]	0.325
1 a < 3 years	12	32.43	25	67.57	1.00			15	40.54	22	59.46	1.00
Insulin/day
≥ 3 injections	30	50.00	30	50.00	1.25	[0.78 ; 2.02]	0.346	30	50.00	30	50.00	1.17	[0.74 ; 1.85]	0.501
≤ 2 injections	14	40.00	21	60.00	1.00			15	42.86	20	57.14	1.00
Type of insulin
UR	0	0.00	7	100.0	0.00	-	0.004	3	42.86	4	57.14	0.94	[0.38 ; 2.31]	1.00
I/I+R/I+UR	16	55.17	13	44.83	1.16	[0.76 ; 1.79]	0.494	16	55.17	13	44.83	1.21	[0.78 ; 1.87]	0.402
S+R/S+UR	27	47.37	30	52.63	1.00			26	45.61	31	54.39	1.00
Self-monitoring of glycaemia
No	3	50.00	3	50.00	1.10	[0.48 ; 2.52]	1.00	42	46.67	48	53.33
Yes	41	45.56	49	54.44	1.00			3	50.00	3	50.00	1.07	[0.47 ; 2.46]	1.00
Hipoglycaemia
Yes	32	45.07	39	54.93	0.94	[0.58 ; 1.52]	0.800	35	49.30	36	50.70	1.23	[0.72 ; 2.10]	0.423
No	12	48.00	13	52.00	1.00			10	40.00	15	60.00	1.00
Hipo or hiper
Yes	42	45.16	51	54.84	0.68	[0.30 ; 1.56]	0.592*	44	47.31	49	52.69	1.42	[0.28 ; 7.13]	1.00
No	2	66.67	1	33.33	1.00			1	33.33	2	66.67	1.00
Last HbA1c
≥ 6 months	10	62.50	6	37.50	1.53	[0.93 ; 2.52]	0.125	7	43.75	9	56.25	0.98	[0.52 ; 1.85]	0.961
3 a < 6 months	12	46.15	14	53.85	1.13	[0.67 ; 1.92]	0.646	14	53.85	12	46.15	1.21	[0.76 ; 1.93]	0.430
< 3 months	22	40.74	32	59.26	1.00			24	44.44	30	55.56	1.00
Physical activity
Yes	37	43.02	49	56.98	1.00			40	46.51	46	53.49	1.00
No	7	70.00	3	30.00	1.63	[1.01 ; 2.61]	0.178*	5	50.00	5	50.00	1.08	[0.56 ; 2.08]	1.00
Physical Activity
Never	7	70.00	3	30.00	1.65	[0.99 ; 2.70]	0.172*	5	50.00	5	50.00	1.06	[0.54 ; 2.08]	1.00*
≤ 2 times / week	9	45.00	11	55.00	1.06	[0.61 ; 1.86]	0.838	9	45.00	11	55.00	0.96	[0.55 ; 1.66]	0.877
≥ 3 times/ week	28	42.42	38	57.58	1.00			31	46.97	35	53.03	1.00
Nutritional Status
Thinness	3	75.00	1	25.00	1.69	[0.91 ; 3.14]	0.328*	2	50.00	2	50.00	1.16	[0.42 ; 3.20]	1.00
Eutrofic	35	44.30	44	55.70	1.00			34	43.04	45	56.96	1.00
Overweight	6	46.15	7	53.85	1.04	[0.55 ; 1.97]	0.901	9	69.23	4	30.77	1.61	[0.98 ; 2.50]	0.079
Value last Hb1Ac
> 7 %	39	50.00	39	50.00	1.80	[0.83 ; 3.92]	0.088	39	50.00	39	50.00	1.50	[0.75 ; 2.99]	0.202
≤ 7%	5	27.78	13	72.22	1.00			6	33.33	12	66.67	1.00

[1] Costa LM planned the study, conducted the survey and contributed to the interpretation of the results. Vieira SE planned the study, contributed to the interpretation of the results, wrote the paper and submitted the study.

Brasil

Brasil

Quality of life of adolescents with type 1 diabetes

INTRODUCTION:

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS: