Brownson RC et al., 1996 |
C |
Planned approach to community health model, social learning theory and stage theory of innovation. Coalition development through involvement of local leaders, community groups and local health agencies. |
Walking clubs, aerobic exercise classes, heart-healthy cooking demonstrations, community blood pressure and cholesterol screenings and cardiovascular education programs. |
Tudor-Smith C et al., 1998 |
C |
Health promotion methods directed toward both changing health behaviors in individuals and achieving environmental, organizational and policy changes that support healthy choices. The study drew on the experiences of other community-based risk reduction programs for cardiovascular disease. |
Television series about healthy heart-related themes, food labeling and nutrition education with a major grocery retailer, a restaurant and canteen scheme to increase the availability of healthy food choices and smoke-free areas, and a worksite health promotion program. |
Puska P et al., 1983 |
C |
Behavioral-social model of community intervention: improved preventive services to help people identify their risk factors and to provide appropriate attention and services; information to educate people about the relationship between behaviors and their health; persuasion to motivate people and to promote the intention to adopt the healthy action; training to increase the skills of self-management, environmental control and necessary action; social support to help people maintain the initial action; environmental change to create opportunities for healthy actions and improve unfavorable conditions; community organization to mobilize broad-range changes in the community to support the adoption of new lifestyles in the community. |
Educational activities through the mass media – production of educational material about health and support to campaigns and community meetings; training programs to local staff – doctors, nurses, social workers, teachers, volunteer organization representatives and informal leaders; reorganization of preventive services through formal decisions, training, demonstrations, materials and guideline provision; activities with community organizations – medical and women’s associations, sport clubs, food industries and groceries; monitoring project development – information systems to assess the intervention. |
Nafziger NA et al., 2001 |
C |
Community organization with leaders from businesses, churches, educational facilities, government offices and others; implementation of the health promotion programs according to each community’s needs. |
Risk factor screenings, physical activity events, programs in schools, restaurants and groceries, and the development of mass media communication strategies. |
Carleton RA et al., 1995 |
C |
Social learning theory. The focus was on helping individuals adopt new behaviors and on creating a supportive physical and behavioral environment. |
Three dimensions of activities: risk factors – elevated blood cholesterol and blood pressure, cigarette smoking, obesity and physical inactivity; behavior change – promoting awareness and agenda setting, providing training in behavior skills, developing social support and strategies for maintenance of new behaviors; community activation - focus on individuals and their surrounding groups and organizations in addition to programs available to all community members. |
Huot I et al., 2004 |
C |
Social learning, planned behavior approach to communities, social marketing, persuasive communication, and diffusion of innovation theories, community development strategies and the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. Program development in elementary schools, with the assumption that adults would be reached through children’s activities; public health approach, community-based and multifactorial programs, and involvement of broad segments of the population and local organizations. |
Classes targeting nutrition, physical activity and smoking prevention; invitation to parents to participate in school-based and community activities; articles in local newspapers; conferences, cooking classes, healthy food tasting, distribution of health recipe booklets, games and tips in local stores and restaurants for healthy food choices; walking clubs; screening sessions for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. |
Winkleby MA et al., 1996 |
C |
Learning theories combined with community change theories to reach individuals and collaborate through changes with community institutions.The project was designed to create a self-sustaining health promotion structure based on community organizations that remained at the end of the intervention. |
Intervention targeted all residents through multiple educational channels: interpersonal meetings, classes and correspondence courses, distribution of print media products through direct mail and worksites and medical care providers, programs in mass media, and materials targeting low-literacy and low-income individuals. |
Nguyen QN et al., 2012 |
C + I |
Development of the program through two components – one targeting local hypertensive patients and the other targeting the local general population through three interactive approaches: comprehensive information education and communication, standard protocols at the community health station and a continuous training program to improve the capacity of the local cardiac care team. |
For hypertensive individuals: monthly check-ups, drug therapy and individual lifestyle modification advice. For healthy adults in the entire community: periodic lifestyle promotion campaigns via broadcasting, leaflets or meetings with messages focused on smoking cessation, reduction of alcohol consumption, increase in physical activity and healthier diets (encouraging reduction in salt and consumption of vegetables and fruits). |
Schuit AJ et al., 2006 |
C+ I |
The model postulates that a reduction in cardiovascular diseases can be achieved through changes in related risk behaviors and that behavioral changes are expected to result from changes in individuals’ psychosocial determinants – awareness, attitudes, social influences, self-efficacy expectations and stages of change – through sufficient, tailored and effective activities with community participation, intersectorial collaboration, adjustment to the current situation, long-term continuation of the project, a multi-media and multi-method strategy and environmental changes. |
Personal and group sessions with written, tailored information communicated via mass media; computer-tailored nutrition education, nutrition education tours in super-markets, food labeling, promotion of physical activity, regional campaign to promote physical activity among individuals over 55 years, television programs, walking and bicycling clubs, walking and cycling campaigns, stop-smoking campaigns; activity development according to the characteristics of the target groups. |
Wendel-Vos GCW et al., 2009 |
C + I |
The model postulates that a reduction in cardiovascular diseases can be achieved through changes in related risk behaviors and that behavioral changes are expected to result from changes in individuals’ psychosocial determinants - awareness, attitudes, social influences, self-efficacy expectations and stages of change – through sufficient, tailored and effective activities with community participation, intersectorial collaboration, adjustment to the current situation, long-term continuation of the project, a multi-media and multi-method strategy and environmental changes. |
Personal and group sessions with written, tailored information communicated via mass media; computer-tailored nutrition education, nutrition education tours in super-markets, food labeling, promotion of physical activity, regional campaign to promote physical activity among individuals over 55 years, television programs, walking and bicycling clubs, walking and cycling campaigns, stop-smoking campaigns; activity development according to the characteristics of the target groups. |
Kottke TE et al., 2006 |
C + I |
Social modeling and diffusion of innovation theories; the North Karelia Project was the primary model of practical application. Study hypothesis – supposition that sustained behavior change requires both the stimulation of individuals to attempt behavior change and a change in the physical and social environment to support individuals who are trying to change. |
Television programs, radio interviews, newspaper feature articles in the model of ‘behavioral journalism’-intervention techniques that publicize the healthy behavior of real community people. Competitions – smoking cessation, physical activity and weight control. Environmental improvement – creating smoke-free restaurants, implementing a menu-labeling program for restaurants, cafeterias and other suppliers of ready-to-eat food and advocating for the construction of multi-use trails as a way to increase public opportunities for daily physical activity. |
Lupton BS et al., 2002 |
C + I |
Learning by doing rather than traditional health promotion; local empowerment, which emphasizes the potential of the individual and the community to take responsibility in making decisions, prioritizing and achieving power over one’s own destiny. |
Safety-at-work programs and occupational health services were established in cooperation with trade unions and integrated into the public primary care services. First phase – improving work conditions; second phase – individual counseling about diet, smoking and physical activity as part of ordinary consultations with general practitioners, public health nurses and occupational health services. |
Lupton BS et al., 2003 |
C+ I |
Community empowerment - to influence the whole population to be more health conscious, to mobilize the inhabitants to participate in health-promoting activities and to change the environmental factors influencing health. |
Aerobic classes for ladies, physical training for individuals with heart disease, walking, volleyball and football competitions, dancing meetings, and swimming lessons. Healthy recipes, menus based on local food tradition and cooking classes. Smoke-free rooms in public buildings. Distribution of manual with suggestions for health-promoting improvements to schools, voluntary organizations and local public administration; local newspapers, radio and television were used throughout the intervention period. Establishment of guidelines for local general practice regarding individual counseling on quitting smoking, following heart-favorable diets and engaging in physical activity. |
Record NB et al., 2000 |
C + I |
Approach using screening, counseling, referral, follow-up, continuity, physician involvement, and community activism in addition to educational activities targeted to individuals, particularly those with low literacy, the community and health professionals. |
Nurse-mediated community program – personal and family history, symptoms, medications and lifestyle; measurements of weight, blood pressure and cholesterol and personal counseling. |
Hoffmeister H et al., 1996 |
C + I |
Social learning and diffusion of innovation theories. Methods based on experiences of other community studies. Prevention programs focused on improving health knowledge, awareness, attitude and behavior. |
Health nutrition: campaigns at community events, restaurants, supermarkets and schools, ‘weight reduction’ courses, seminars on nutritional topics and preparation of healthy foods, availability of low-salt, low-fat and low-calorie products, and encouragement for higher consumption of vegetables and cereal products. Physical activity: recreational sports events. Smoking habits: anti-smoking campaigns and establishment of non-smoking areas in public places. |
Luepker RV et al., 1994 |
C + I |
Social learning and persuasive communication theories and models for involvement of community leaders and institutions. |
Campaigns via the mass media, training programs for primary care physicians and other health professionals. Screening, education and counseling for adults and direct education programs for children about health-enhancing behaviors. Community involvement in environmental change programs. |
Weinehall L et al., 2001 |
C + I |
Primary prevention in the community as a social change process. |
Annual comprehensive health examinations with counseling by family physicians, nurses and dieticians. Messages about lifestyle factors in local associations, sports clubs, media and food retailers; health education activities through theater, music and informal meetings. |
Wood DA et al., 2008 |
I |
Stages of change model and various methods to increase motivation, overcome barriers and develop strategies. Commitment to increase the population’s quality of life through reducing the impact of cardiovascular disease. Program objective - to help individuals at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease achieve lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic goals defined in the ‘Joint European Societies’ guidelines. |
Nurse assessment: family lifestyle, risk factors, drug treatment, health beliefs, anxiety, depression, illness perception and mood. Personal record card for lifestyle and risk factor targets. Counseling for adopting a healthy lifestyle with family and health professional support. Management of blood pressure, lipids and blood glucose. |
Mortality rates. MRFIT, 1990 |
I |
Behavioral therapy: functional analytical approach to clinical data and treatment of observed activities |
Clinical evaluation: medical history and examination, laboratory tests, electrocardiograms and submaximal graded treadmill exercise. Encouragement to change eating habits – reductions in intake of saturated fats, total fats and cholesterol and moderate increases of polyunsaturated fats, weight reduction and cessation of tobacco use. |