Phytotoxic potential of <b>Drimys brasiliensis </b> miers for use in weed control

This study aims to evaluate the phytotoxicity potential of leaf and root extracts of Drimys brasiliensis on the germination and seedling growth of Panicum maximum and Euphorbia heterophylla and its influence on metaxylem cell size in the seedling roots of the latter specie. The leaf and root extracts were fractionated by partition chromatography, and the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions obtained from each organ were evaluated at different concentrations for phytotoxic activity in several bioassays. In seedling growth tests, we compared the effects of these fractions with the herbicide oxyfluorfen. The hexane fraction of the root extracts showed a higher inhibitory potential on the germination and growth of weeds and reduced the average size of the metaxylem cells of E. heterophylla roots by more than 50% The inhibitory effects of the root hexane fraction on seedling growth was similar to the herbicide, indicating that D. brasiliensis is a possible alternative form of control for the weed species examined.

Keywords
allelopathy; inhibition; germination; early growth

Authorship

Simoni Anese ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail:simonianese@hotmail.com

Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, Cx. Postal 676, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São CarlosBrazilSão Carlos, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, Cx. Postal 676, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.

Sonia Cristina Juliano Gualtieri

Patrícia Umeda Grisi

Luciana de Jesus Jatobá

Marcos Arduin

*Author for correspondence. E-mail:simonianese@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (7)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1.
Germination and early growth of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of the AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ___'y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis roots. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) y = 86.17 - 17x, R2 = 0.90; 'y = 85.09 - 0.188x + 0.0001x2 , R2 = 0.99; (B) y = 3.80 + 1.575x , R2 = 0.94; 'y = 4.26 + 2.56x , R2 = 0.82; (C) y = 0.325 - 0.157x, R2 = 0.87; 'y = 0.3336 - 0.7966x + 0.574x2, R2 = 0.91; (D) y = 110.599 - 80.5x , R2 = 0.91; 'y = 105.35 - 257.85x - 157.14x2, R2 = 0.97; (E) y = 34.81 - 102.26x + 71.20x2 , R2 = 0.85; 'y = 32.79 - 120.17x + 91.37x2, R2 = 0.78; (F) y = 10.74 - 4.805x, R2 = 0.94; 'y = 10.52 - 20.04x + 14.10x2, R2 = 0.94.

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Figure 2.
Germination and early growth of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of the AcOEt (○; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^____'y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis leaves. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) 'y = 3.788 - 1.604x, R² = 0.92; (B)'y = 0.3394 - 0.2017x , R² = 0.96; (C) y = 42.351 - 12.57x, R² = 0.95; 'y = 36.34 - 83.45x + 57.11x², R² = 0.88; (D) y = 11.544 - 2.636x , R² = 0.95; 'y = 10.685 - 7.8851x + 5.146x², R² = 0.79.

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Figure 3.
Germination and early growth of E. heterophylla treated with different concentrations of AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^{___ '}y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis root extracts. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) 'y = 55.4 - 72.74x + 56.77x², R² = 0.90; (B) y = 48.55 - 116.95x + 73.488x², R² = 0.75; 'y = 49.002 - 177.97x + 133.08x², R² = 0.81 (C) y = 64.195 - 112.75x +76.874^x2, R² = 0.90; 'y = 61.35 - 141.39x + 93.378x², R² = 0.80; (D) y = 91.35 - 0.207x + 0.0001x², R² = 0.96; 'y = 79.65 - 0.2823x + 0.0002x², R² = 0.85.

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Figure 4.
Early growth of E. heterophylla treated with different concentrations of AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^{____ '}y) fractions of D. brasiliensis leaf extract. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) y = 57.46 - 90.68x + 63.63x², R^{2 =} 0.92; 'y = 54.467 - 42.826x, R² = 0.93; (B) y = 64.157 - 77.79x + 53.165x², R² = 0.81; 'y = 66.937 -77.826 x + 44.59x², R²=0.96 (C) 'y = 92.363 - 59.9x, R² = 0.91.

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Figure 5.
Average sizes of E. heterophylla root metaxylem cells in the presence of different concentrations of AcOEt and hexane fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis leaf and roots extracts compared to the control. (*)Average differs significantly from control by the Dunnett test, at a level of significance of 0.05.

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Figure 6.
Photomicrographs of root metaxylem cells of E. heterophylla grown in control (A), AcOEt fraction of leaf extract (B), hexane fraction of leaf extract (C), AcOEt fraction of root extract (D) and hexane fraction of root extract (E) of D. brasiliensis, at a concentration of 0.25 mg mL^-1. Scale = 50 μm.

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Figure 7.
Root (A) and shoot lengths (B) of E. heterophylla and P. maximum seedlings treated with hexane and AcOEt fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis root and leaf extracts or a commercial herbicide. Means followed by the same capital letters within each species do not differ by tukey's test at a significance level of 0.05.

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Table 1.
Seed germination and seedling morphology of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of hexane or AcOEt fractions from D. brasiliensis leaf extract.

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Table 2.
Seed germination and seedling morphology of E. heterophylla upon treatment with different concentrations of D. brasiliensis root and leaf extract fractions.

Figure 1. Germination and early growth of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of the AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ___'y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis roots. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) y = 86.17 - 17x, R2 = 0.90; 'y = 85.09 - 0.188x + 0.0001x2 , R2 = 0.99; (B) y = 3.80 + 1.575x , R2 = 0.94; 'y = 4.26 + 2.56x , R2 = 0.82; (C) y = 0.325 - 0.157x, R2 = 0.87; 'y = 0.3336 - 0.7966x + 0.574x2, R2 = 0.91; (D) y = 110.599 - 80.5x , R2 = 0.91; 'y = 105.35 - 257.85x - 157.14x2, R2 = 0.97; (E) y = 34.81 - 102.26x + 71.20x2 , R2 = 0.85; 'y = 32.79 - 120.17x + 91.37x2, R2 = 0.78; (F) y = 10.74 - 4.805x, R2 = 0.94; 'y = 10.52 - 20.04x + 14.10x2, R2 = 0.94.

Figure 2. Germination and early growth of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of the AcOEt (○; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^____'y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis leaves. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) 'y = 3.788 - 1.604x, R² = 0.92; (B)'y = 0.3394 - 0.2017x , R² = 0.96; (C) y = 42.351 - 12.57x, R² = 0.95; 'y = 36.34 - 83.45x + 57.11x², R² = 0.88; (D) y = 11.544 - 2.636x , R² = 0.95; 'y = 10.685 - 7.8851x + 5.146x², R² = 0.79.

Figure 3. Germination and early growth of E. heterophylla treated with different concentrations of AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^{___ '}y) fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis root extracts. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) 'y = 55.4 - 72.74x + 56.77x², R² = 0.90; (B) y = 48.55 - 116.95x + 73.488x², R² = 0.75; 'y = 49.002 - 177.97x + 133.08x², R² = 0.81 (C) y = 64.195 - 112.75x +76.874^x2, R² = 0.90; 'y = 61.35 - 141.39x + 93.378x², R² = 0.80; (D) y = 91.35 - 0.207x + 0.0001x², R² = 0.96; 'y = 79.65 - 0.2823x + 0.0002x², R² = 0.85.

Figure 4. Early growth of E. heterophylla treated with different concentrations of AcOEt (□; ---y) and hexane (♦; ^{____ '}y) fractions of D. brasiliensis leaf extract. Equations were obtained by regression analysis: (A) y = 57.46 - 90.68x + 63.63x², R^{2 =} 0.92; 'y = 54.467 - 42.826x, R² = 0.93; (B) y = 64.157 - 77.79x + 53.165x², R² = 0.81; 'y = 66.937 -77.826 x + 44.59x², R²=0.96 (C) 'y = 92.363 - 59.9x, R² = 0.91.

Figure 5. Average sizes of E. heterophylla root metaxylem cells in the presence of different concentrations of AcOEt and hexane fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis leaf and roots extracts compared to the control. (*)Average differs significantly from control by the Dunnett test, at a level of significance of 0.05.

Figure 6. Photomicrographs of root metaxylem cells of E. heterophylla grown in control (A), AcOEt fraction of leaf extract (B), hexane fraction of leaf extract (C), AcOEt fraction of root extract (D) and hexane fraction of root extract (E) of D. brasiliensis, at a concentration of 0.25 mg mL^-1. Scale = 50 μm.

Figure 7. Root (A) and shoot lengths (B) of E. heterophylla and P. maximum seedlings treated with hexane and AcOEt fractions obtained from D. brasiliensis root and leaf extracts or a commercial herbicide. Means followed by the same capital letters within each species do not differ by tukey's test at a significance level of 0.05.

Table 1. Seed germination and seedling morphology of P. maximum treated with different concentrations of hexane or AcOEt fractions from D. brasiliensis leaf extract.

Means followed by the same letter in the line do not differ by tukey's test at a 0.05 level of significance; G: germinability; MGT: mean germination time; Z: synchrony; NS: normal seedlings; F: test statistic F - Values indicated no significant differences among the concentrations (ANOVA; p > 0.05); H: statistic of the Kruskal-Wallis test - Values indicated no significant differences among the concentrations (p > 0.05); p: probability

Table 2. Seed germination and seedling morphology of E. heterophylla upon treatment with different concentrations of D. brasiliensis root and leaf extract fractions.

Means followed by the same letter in the line do not differ by tukey's test at a 0.05 level of significance; G: germinability; MGT: mean germination time; Z: synchrony; NS: normal seedlings; F: test statistic F - Values in bold indicate significant difference among the concentrations (ANOVA; p < 0.05); H: statistic of the Kruskal-Wallis test; P: probability

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Phytotoxic potential of <b>Drimys brasiliensis </b> miers for use in weed control

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail:simonianese@hotmail.com