Sugarcane cultivation with source potassium low water-soluble

Thermopotash is a fertilizer with low solubility but has a release level compatible with plant demands. This study aimed to compare the effect of Thermopotash to that of KCl in sugarcane. Field work was conducted during two crop seasons, in a randomised block design. Treatments were applied to the bases of the furrows before planting the sugarcane, arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial design to evaluate two K sources (TK47 - Thermopotash, KCl - potassium chloride) at five levels of K (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha^-1 K₂O). The variables analysed included leaf and soil K, Ca, Mg and Si, soil pH and productivity. The effects of the TK47 fertilizer on sugarcane stalk production were not initially superior to that of the soluble source, but over time, differences between the soluble and insoluble sources increased. The maximum expected sugarcane productivity for both sources was 133 Mg ha^-1, which was achieved at an application level of 121 kg ha^-1 K₂O. TK47 fertilizer provided K, Si, Ca and Mg to the sugarcane in both the first and second harvests. Thus, TK47 may be a viable source of K for sugarcane.

Keywords:
thermopotash; potassium chloride; soil; Saccharum spp

Authorship

Gaspar Henrique Korndorfer

Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas, s/n., Bloco 2E, S. 122, Cx. Postal 593, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.Universidade Federal de UberlândiaBrazilUberlândia, Minas Gerais, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas, s/n., Bloco 2E, S. 122, Cx. Postal 593, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Hamilton Seron Pereira ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail: hspereira@iciag.ufu.br

Ivaniele Nahas Duarte

Laerte Rocha Neves Pinto

Luciano Ferreira da Fonseca

*Author for correspondence. E-mail: hspereira@iciag.ufu.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (5)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1
Effects of K levels and sources on sugarcane productivity for sugarcane variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride; 5% significance level.

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Figure 2
Total productivity (1^st + 2^nd harvests) of the sugarcane (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). Means followed by distinct lower case letters differ according to the Tukey test at 5% significance regarding K sources (LSD = 10.95). TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride.

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Figure 3
Effects of K levels and sources on leaf concentrations of K, Ca, and Si for sugarcane variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride; 5% significance level (*).

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Figure 4
Effects of K levels and sources on soil availability of K, Ca, Mg, and Si in the 0-20 cm soil layer after the sugarcane harvest for variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil).

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Figure 5
Effects of K levels and sources on soil availability of K, Ca, Mg, and Si and pH in the 20-40 cm soil layer after the sugarcane harvest for variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride; 5% significance level (*).

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Table 1
Quantities of Ca, Mg, Si and K supplied by KCl or TK47 K fertilizers.

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Table 2
Effects of K levels and sources on stalk productivity for sugarcane variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil).

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Table 3
Effects of K levels and sources on leaf concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, and Si for sugarcane variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil).

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Table 4
Effects of K levels and sources on soil availability of K, Ca, Mg, and Si in the 0-20 cm soil layer after the sugarcane harvest for variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil).

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Table 5
Effects of K levels and sources on soil availability of K, Ca, Mg, and Si in the 20-40 cm soil layer after the sugarcane harvest for variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil).

Figure 1 Effects of K levels and sources on sugarcane productivity for sugarcane variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride; 5% significance level.

Figure 2 Total productivity (1^st + 2^nd harvests) of the sugarcane (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). Means followed by distinct lower case letters differ according to the Tukey test at 5% significance regarding K sources (LSD = 10.95). TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride.

Figure 3 Effects of K levels and sources on leaf concentrations of K, Ca, and Si for sugarcane variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride; 5% significance level (*).

Figure 4 Effects of K levels and sources on soil availability of K, Ca, Mg, and Si in the 0-20 cm soil layer after the sugarcane harvest for variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil).

Figure 5 Effects of K levels and sources on soil availability of K, Ca, Mg, and Si and pH in the 20-40 cm soil layer after the sugarcane harvest for variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride; 5% significance level (*).

Table 1 Quantities of Ca, Mg, Si and K supplied by KCl or TK47 K fertilizers.

Application levels¹
TK47					KCl
Source	K₂O	Ca	Mg	Si	Source	K₂O	Cl
--------------------- kg ha^-1---------------					------ kg ha^-1--------
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
714	50	157	7	200	83	50	39
1,429	100	314	14	400	167	100	78
2,143	150	471	21	600	250	150	118
2,857	200	629	29	800	333	200	157

¹Application levels based on the total nutrient levels found in the sources TK47 = Thermopotash (K₂O total = 7%; Si total = 28%, Ca total = 22%, Mg total = 1%) and KCl = Potassium chloride (K₂O total = 60%; Cl total = 47%).

Table 2 Effects of K levels and sources on stalk productivity for sugarcane variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil).

K₂O levels	1^st harvest					2^nd harvest
	>TK47		>KCl		Mean	>TK47		>KCl		Mean
kg ha^-1	------------------------Stalk Productivity, Mg ha^-1 ---
0	113.0		113.6		113.3	108.2		107.8		108.0
50	135.7		122.8		129.3	119.5		111.9		115.7
100	136.1		132.5		134.3	124.3		115.6		119.9
150	123.4		128.8		126.1	125.2		117.2		121.2
200	134.8		120.8		127.8	126.9		118.7		122.8
Mean	128.6	A	123.7	A		120.8	A	114.3	B
	CV= 10.57%; LSDsource= 7.65					>CV= 7.79%; LSDsource= 5.25

Means followed by distinct letters within a row differ according to the Tukey test at the 0.05 significance level. TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride.

Table 3 Effects of K levels and sources on leaf concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, and Si for sugarcane variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil).

K₂O levels	1^st harvest					2^nd harvest
K₂O levels	TK47		KCl		Mean	TK47		KCl		Mean
kg ha^-1	-------------------------------------- K g kg^-1 --------------------------------------
0	14.9	A	14.7	A	14.8	8.4		9.3		8.8
50	15.1	A	15.2	A	15.2	8.8		9.2		9.0
100	14.0	B	15.5	A	14.7	9.1		10.0		9.5
150	14.0	B	16.6	A	15.3	9.0		10.5		9.7
200	14.7	B	17.0	A	15.8	9.1		11.1		10.1
Mean	14.5		15.8			8.9	B	10.0	A
	CV = 5.15%; LSDsource = 1,0					CV = 9.54%; LSDsource = 0.52
	-------------------------------------- Ca g kg^-1 -------------------------------------
0	3.02	A	3.19	A	3.10	2.48		1.87		2.18
50	3.26	A	3.96	A	3.61	3.41		2.39		2.90
100	4.29	A	3.98	A	4.14	2.80		2.15		2.48
150	4.96	A	3.93	B	4.44	3.06		2.09		2.57
200	5.04	A	3.81	B	4.43	2.65		2.04		2.34
Mean	4.11		3.77			2.88	A	2.10	B
	CV = 15.77%; LSDsource = 0.80					CV = 22.59%; LSDsource = 0.32
	--------------------------------------- Mg g kg^-1 ------------------------------------
0	1.91		1.78		1.84	1.76		1.54		1.65
50	2.05		1.97		2.01	1.91		1.88		1.89
100	2.12		1.97		2.04	1.90		1.73		1.82
150	2.11		1.88		2.00	1.85		1.67		1.76
200	2.01		1.94		1.98	1.96		1.69		1.83
Mean	2.04	A	1.91	A		1.88	A	1.70	B
	CV = 12.61%; LSDsource = 0.14					CV = 12.48%; LSDsource = 0.13
	-------------------------------------- Si g kg^-1 --------------------------------------
0	2.52		2.86		2.69	2.22	A	2.27	A	2.25
50	3.86		2.98		3.42	2.66	A	2.44	A	2.55
100	2.93		3.14		3.03	2.73	A	2.45	A	2.59
150	3.42		3.17		3.30	3.12	A	2.37	B	2.75
200	3.01		3.20		3.11	3.18	A	2.43	B	2.80
Mean	3.15	A	3.07	A		2.79		2.39
	CV = 24.64%; LSDsource = 0.44					CV = 13.40%; LSDsource = 0.44

Means followed by distinct, uppercase letters within a row differ according to the Tukey test at the 0.05 significance level. TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride.

Table 4 Effects of K levels and sources on soil availability of K, Ca, Mg, and Si in the 0-20 cm soil layer after the sugarcane harvest for variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil).

K₂O Levels	1^st harvest					2^nd harvest
Cane Plant	TK47		KCl		Mean	TK47		KCl		Mean
Depth 0-20 cm
kg ha^-1	------------------------------- K Mehlich (cmol_c dm^-3) --------------------------
0	0.05	A	0.05	A	0.05	0.06		0.05		0.05
50	0.07	A	0.08	A	0.08	0.07		0.05		0.06
100	0.18	A	0.07	B	0.13	0.12		0.06		0.09
150	0.25	A	0.06	B	0.16	0.14		0.06		0.10
200	0.28	A	0.07	B	0.18	0.13		0.07		0.10
Mean	0.17		0.07			0.11	A	0.06	B
	CV = 15.77%; LSDsource = 0.80					CV = 44.96%; LSDsource = 0.02
	------------------------------------ Ca (cmol_c dm^-3) -------------------------------
0	0.94	A	0.74	A	0.84	1.10	A	1.06	A	1.08
50	0.98	A	0.69	B	0.84	1.35	A	0.96	B	1.15
100	1.26	A	0.73	B	0.99	1.73	A	1.24	B	1.49
150	1.38	A	0.65	B	1.03	1.37	A	1.00	B	1.19
200	1.40	A	0.68	B	1.04	1.54	A	1.10	B	1.32
Mean	1.19		0.70			1.42		1.07
	CV = 21.47%; LSDsource = 0.26					CV = 21.78%; LSDsource = 0.34
	----------------------------------- Mg (cmol_c dm^-3) -------------------------------
0	0.26		0.26		0.26	0.45	A	0.42	A	0.43
50	0.27		0.26		0.27	0.45	A	0.51	A	0.48
100	0.31		0.24		0.28	0.52	B	0.87	A	0.69
150	0.32		0.24		0.28	0.41	B	0.79	A	0.60
200	0.30		0.26		0.28	0.49	A	0.40	A	0.44
Mean	0.30	A	0.25	A		0.47		0.60
	CV = 31.41%; LSDsource = 0.05					CV = 17.93%; LSDsource = 0.12
	--------------------------------------- Si (mg dm^-3) --------------------------------
0	1.40	A	1.44	A	1.42	1.63	A	1.58	A	1.61
50	1.65	A	1.32	A	1.48	2.06	A	1.43	A	1.74
100	1.96	A	1.20	B	1.58	3.07	A	1.97	B	2.52
150	2.02	A	1.11	B	1.56	2.83	A	1.80	B	2.31
200	2.14	A	1.10	B	1.62	2.89	A	2.20	B	2.50
Mean	1.84		1.23			2.49		1.79
	CV = 19.50%; LSDsource = 0.38					CV = 23.67%; LSDsource = 0.66

Means followed by distinct uppercase letters within the same row differ by the Tukey test at the 0.05 significance level. TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride.

Table 5 Effects of K levels and sources on soil availability of K, Ca, Mg, and Si in the 20-40 cm soil layer after the sugarcane harvest for variety SP832847, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crops (Usina Vale do São Simão, Chaveslandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil).

K₂O Levels	1^st harvest					2^nd harvest
Cane Plant	TK47		KCl		Mean	TK47		KCl		Mean
Depth 20-40 cm
kg ha^-1	---------------------------------- K Mehlich (cmol_c dm^-3) -----------------------
0	0.03	A	0.05	A	0.03	0.05	A	0.03	A	0.04
50	0.05	A	0.04	A	0.05	0.10	A	0.04	A	0.07
100	0.03	A	0.04	A	0.04	0.11	A	0.05	A	0.08
150	0.22	A	0.04	B	0.13	0.17	A	0.06	B	0.12
200	0.30	A	0.05	B	0.18	0.30	A	0.06	B	0.18
Mean	0.13		0.04			0.15		0.05
	CV = 47.70%; LSDsource = 0.07					CV = 51.97%; LSDsource = 0.09
	------------------------------------ Ca (cmol_c dm^-3) --------------------------------
0	0.31	A	0.34	A	0.32	0.68	A	0.70	A	0.69
50	0.33	A	0.37	A	0.35	1.34	A	0.69	B	1.01
100	0.44	A	0.28	A	0.36	1.50	A	0.98	B	1.24
150	0.80	A	0.16	B	0.48	1.58	A	0.68	B	1.40
200	0.78	A	0.17	B	0.48	1.87	A	0.89	B	1.38
Mean	0.53		0.26			1.39		0.79
	CV = 47.49%; LSDsource = 0.24					CV = 32.17%; LSDsource = 0.45
	----------------------------------- Mg (cmol_c dm^-3) ---------------------------------
0	0.19	A	0.20	A	0.19	0.15		0.15		0.15
50	0.16	A	0.22	A	0.19	0.19		0.15		0.17
100	0.19	A	0.18	A	0.19	0.22		0.23		0.22
150	0.23	A	0.14	B	0.18	0.17		0.17		0.17
200	0.24	A	0.14	B	0.18	0.24		0.22		0.23
Mean	0.20		0.18			0.19	A	0.18	A
	CV = 28.43%; LSDsource = 0.06					CV = 35.35 %; LSDsource =0.03
	------------------------------------- Si (mg dm^-3)-----------------------------------
0	1.11	A	1.20	A	1.15	1.23	A	1.12	A	1.17
50	1.26	A	1.24	A	1.25	1.94	A	1.09	B	1.52
100	1.28	A	1.26	A	1.26	2.45	A	1.12	B	1.78
150	1.51	A	1.23	B	1.37	2.94	A	1.17	B	2.06
200	2.02	A	1.28	B	1.65	2.96	A	1.46	B	2.21
Mean	1.43		1.24			2.30		1.19
	CV = 14.52%; LSDsource = 0.25					CV = 27.37%; LSDsource = 0.61

Means followed by distinct uppercase letters within a row differ by the Tukey test at the 0.05 significance level. TK47 = Thermopotash; KCl = Potassium chloride.

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail: hspereira@iciag.ufu.br