Soybean macronutrient availability and yield as affected by tillage system

The effect of tillage system (NT-no tillage; CT-conventional tillage; MT-minimum tillage; and NT/scarification, every three years) on soybean nutrient availability and yield was evaluated on Oxisol after 12 years of cultivation. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20 m and were analyzed for P, K, Ca, Mg, carbon (C), organic matter (OM), pH value, potential CEC, base saturation (BS%), and number of semiquinone organic radicals. The macronutrient concentration in the leaves and amount accumulated in the plants at the blooming stage were determined, as well as the yield of the two soybean crops. The soil pH value, BS% and K, Ca, and Mg concentrations were not influenced by the tillage system. The soil P and OM in the surface layer, however, were inversely proportional to the intensity of soil preparation. The P content in the soil surface layer under NT was twice as high as that of soil under CT. The P content in the soybean leaves under NT was also higher compared to that in the plants under CT and MT. The number of semiquinone radicals was low in the soil surface layer under NT, indicating a small degree of humification. However, soybean yield was not affected by the tillage system.

Keywords:
no tillage; cropping systems; organic matter

Authorship

Silvino Guimarães Moreira ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: silvinomoreira@ufla.br

Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Cx. Postal 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Universidade Federal de LavrasBrazilLavras, Minas Gerais, BrazilDepartamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Cx. Postal 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7840-250X

Jorge de Castro Kiehl

Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Universidade de São PauloBrazilPiracicaba, São Paulo, BrazilDepartamento de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.

Luís Ignácio Prochnow

International Plant Nutrition Institute, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. International Plant Nutrition InstituteBrazilPiracicaba, São Paulo, BrazilInternational Plant Nutrition Institute, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.

Volnei Pauletti

Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Universidade Federal do ParanáBrazilCuritiba, Paraná, BrazilDepartamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

Ladislau Martin-Neto

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Instrumentação Agropecuária, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuáriaBrazilSão Carlos, São Paulo, BrazilEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Instrumentação Agropecuária, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.

Álvaro Vilela de Resende

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuáriaBrazilSete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, BrazilEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: silvinomoreira@ufla.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1
Number of semiquinone radicals in HA samples extracted from the 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m layers of Red Latosol cultivated under different tillage systems (NT: no tillage; CT: conventional tillage; MT: minimum tillage; and NT/scarif.: scarification with a subsoiler (( 0.30 m) every three years. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (n = 2).

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Table 1
Chemical and granulometric properties of the Rhodic Ferralsol (dystrophic Red Latosol) at different depths in 1989 after liming (prior to experiment installation).

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Table 2
Chemical properties of the Rhodic Ferralsol (dystrophic Red Latosol) at different depths after 12 years of cultivation under different tillage systems (average of three replicates).

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Table 3
Chemical properties of the dystrophic Red Latosol in the 0.00-0.20 m layer (weighted averages of data from the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers) after 12 years of cultivation under different tillage systems (average of three replicates).

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Table 4
Macronutrient concentrations in the soybean leaves as a function of tillage system (average of three replicates).

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Table 5
Macronutrients accumulated in the top of the soybean plant as influenced by tillage system (average of three replicates).

Figure 1 Number of semiquinone radicals in HA samples extracted from the 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m layers of Red Latosol cultivated under different tillage systems (NT: no tillage; CT: conventional tillage; MT: minimum tillage; and NT/scarif.: scarification with a subsoiler (( 0.30 m) every three years. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (n = 2).

Table 1 Chemical and granulometric properties of the Rhodic Ferralsol (dystrophic Red Latosol) at different depths in 1989 after liming (prior to experiment installation).

Depth	pH¹	P	OM	K	Ca	Mg	V	Sand	Silt	Clay	Classification
m	CaCl₂	mg dm^-3	g dm^-3	^______ mmol_c dm^{-3 _______}			%	^_________ g kg^{-1 __________}
0.00-0.10	5.6	6	35	3.7	37.5	29.6	59.6	300	70	630	very clayey
0.10-0.20	4.5	3	30	1.3	13.5	9.4	28.3	340	20	640	very clayey
0.20-0.30	4.3	0	23	0.8	6.5	4.9	16.6	300	70	630	very clayey

⁽¹⁾pH and OM, P, K, Ca, and Mg content determined according to Raij et al. (1987Raij, B. V., Quaggio, J. A., Cantarella, H., Ferreira, M. E., Lopes, A. S., & Bataglia, O. C. (1987). Análise química do solo para fins de fertilidade. Campinas, SP: Fundação Cargill.).

Table 2 Chemical properties of the Rhodic Ferralsol (dystrophic Red Latosol) at different depths after 12 years of cultivation under different tillage systems (average of three replicates).

Tillage system	pH	P	OM	C²	K	Ca	Mg	CEC	BS
	CaCl₂	mg dm^-3	^_____ g dm^{-3 _____}		^{________________} mmol_c dm^{-3 __________________}				%
0.00-0.05 m
NT¹	5.6 Aa³	83 Aa	58 Aa	37.2 Aa	4.4 Aa	71.3 Aa	28.3 Aa	136.7 Aa	75 Aa
CT	5.9 Aa	39 Ab	46 Ac	26.9 Ab	4.1 Aa	45.0 Aa	19.0 Aa	104.1 Aa	65 Aa
MT	6.0 Aa	42 Aab	51 Abc	30.3 Ab	4.4 Aa	48.7 Aa	20.0 Aa	106.4 Aa	69 Aa
NT/scarif.	5.5 Aa	60 Aab	56 Aab	36.2 Aa	4.0 Aa	50.0 Aa	22.3 Aa	115.0 Aa	66 Aa
0.05-0.10 m
NT	5.5 Aa	78 Aa	44 Ba	26.5 Ba	3.2 Aa	54.7 Aa	21.7 Aa	114.2 Aa	70 Aa
CT	5.6 Aa	32 Ab	45 Aa	26.5 Aa	2.8 Aa	41.7 Aa	17.3 Aa	99.2 Aa	62 Aa
MT	6.0 Aa	40 ABab	49 Aa	28.9 Aa	3.0 Aa	45.7 Aa	19.3 Aa	102.3 Aa	66 Aa
NT/scarif.	5.5 Aa	44 Aab	43 Ba	27.9 Ba	2.6 Aa	46.7 Aa	19.0 Aa	102.9 Aa	66 Aa
0.10-0.20 m
NT	5.9 Aa	37 Ba	40 Ba	22.7 Ca	2.9 Aa	40.7 Aa	18.7 Aa	100.6 Aa	62 Aa
CT	5.8 Aa	29 Aa	44 Aa	24.2 Aa	2.7 Aa	43.7 Aa	17.7 Aa	100.4 Aa	63 Aa
MT	5.9 Aa	22 Ba	39 Ba	22.9 Ba	2.7 Aa	40.0 Aa	18.0 Aa	94.4 Aa	64 Aa
NT/scarif.	5.4 Aa	41 Aa	41 Ba	23.2 Ca	2.0 Aa	41.3 Aa	14.7 Aa	97.3 Aa	58 Aa
C.V	6.7%	20.3%	6.2%	4.9%	7.7%	18.2%	12.6%	9.6%	7.6%

⁽¹⁾NT: no tillage; CT: conventional tillage; MT: minimum tillage and NT/scarif.: scarification (( 0.30 m) every three years. ⁽²⁾Carbon determined by dry combustion. ⁽³⁾Lowercase letters compare tillage systems within each soil depth, and uppercase letters compare soil depths within each tillage system via Tukey’s test at 5%.

Table 3 Chemical properties of the dystrophic Red Latosol in the 0.00-0.20 m layer (weighted averages of data from the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers) after 12 years of cultivation under different tillage systems (average of three replicates).

Tillage system¹	pH	P	OM	C²	K	Ca	Mg	CEC	BS
	CaCl₂	mg dm^-3	^_____ g dm^{-3 ______}		^{_____________________}mmol_c dm^{-3 ___________________}				%
NT	5.8 a	59 a	46 a	27 a	3.4 a	52 a	22 a	113 a	67 a
CT	5.8 a	32 b	45 a	25 a	3.1 a	44 a	17 b	101 a	64 a
MT	5.9 a	31 b	44 a	26 a	3.2 a	44 a	19 ab	99 a	66 a
NT/scarif.	5.4 a	47 ab	45 a	28 a	2.7 a	45 a	19 ab	103 a	52 a

⁽¹⁾NT: no tillage; CT: conventional tillage; MT: minimum tillage and NT/scarif.: scarification (( 0.30 m) every three years. ⁽²⁾Carbon determined by dry combustion. ⁽³⁾Lowercase letters compare tillage systems via Tukey’s test at 5%.

Table 4 Macronutrient concentrations in the soybean leaves as a function of tillage system (average of three replicates).

Tillage system¹	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S
	^{_______________________________________} g kg^{-1 __________________________________________}
NT	40.5 a²	3.3 a	27.3 a	7.9 a	3.7 a	2.4 a
CT	39.9 a	2.5 b	29.9 a	8.6 a	3.6 a	2.4 a
MT	36.6 a	2.4 b	26.2 a	9.1 a	3.5 a	2.0 a
NT/scarif.	42.4 a	3.0 ab	26.3 a	6.9 a	3.3 a	2.5 a

⁽¹⁾NT: no tillage; CT: conventional tillage; MT: minimum tillage; and NT/scarif.: scarification (( 0.30 m) every three years. ⁽²⁾Numbers followed by the same letter in each column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5%.

Table 5 Macronutrients accumulated in the top of the soybean plant as influenced by tillage system (average of three replicates).

Tillage system	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S
	^{________________________________________} gram^{(2) __________________________________________}
NT	4.9 a³	0.5 a	5.4 a	1.6 ab	0.8 a	0.3 a
CT	5.5 a	0.4 a	5.5 a	1.8 a	0.8 a	0.4 a
MT	5.7 a	0.5 a	6.0 a	1.8 ab	0.8 a	0.4 a
NT/scarif.	4.8 a	0.4 a	5.3 a	1.5 b	0.7 a	0.3 a

⁽¹⁾NT: no tillage; CT: conventional tillage; MT: minimum tillage; and NT/scarif.: scarification (( 0.30 m) every three years. ⁽²⁾Nutrients accumulated in the dry matter of plants collected in 1.0 linear meter. ⁽³⁾Numbers followed by the same letter in each column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5%.

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Soybean macronutrient availability and yield as affected by tillage system

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: silvinomoreira@ufla.br