Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with urea forcattle

This study was realized to evaluate the effect of the ‘multiple supplements’ containing spineless cactus enriched with urea (0, 1, 2 and 3% on dry matter basis - DM) as a replacement to a traditional supplement (control) on ruminal parameters and microbial protein synthesis in crossbred steers. Five steers(½ Holstein x Zebu) can nulated in the rumen, with an average initial body weight of 240 ± 22.1 kg were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square. A quadratic effect was observed for DM intake and N retention, with maximum values of 6.97 kg d^-1 and 50.9 gd^-1 with the inclusion of 1.8 and 2.1% urea, respectively. Maximum concentrations of 16.2, 23.2 and 24.3 mg dL^-1of N-NH₃were recorded in animals fed spineless cactus enriched with 1, 2, and 3% of urea. There was a quadratic effect on ruminal pH, with a value of 6.45 at 4.08 hours after feeding. Microbial synthesis efficiency of 103 g CPkg^-1 TDN was obtained with the inclusion of 1.6% urea. Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with 1.6 up to 1.8% urea in replacement of a traditional supplement is recommended for cattle.

Keywords:
intake; rumen pH; supplementation; volatile fatty acids

Authorship

Cleber Thiago Ferreira Costa

Departamento de Agricultura, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Floresta, Pernambuco, Brazil. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e TecnologiaBrazilFloresta, Pernambuco, BrazilDepartamento de Agricultura, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Floresta, Pernambuco, Brazil.

Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.Universidade Federal de PernambucoBrazilRecife, Pernambuco, BrazilDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.

José Mauricio de Souza Campos

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, Minas Gerais, BrazilDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Janaina de Lima Silva ^**Author for conrrespondence. E-mail: janaina.lima@ufob.edu.br

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Avenida 23 de Agosto, 860, 47100-000, Centro, Barra, Bahia, Brazil. Universidade Federal do Oeste da BahiaBrazilBarra, Bahia, BrazilDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Avenida 23 de Agosto, 860, 47100-000, Centro, Barra, Bahia, Brazil.

Rafael de Paula Xavier de Andrade

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Xinguara, Pará, Brazil. Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do ParáBrazilXinguara, Pará, BrazilDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Xinguara, Pará, Brazil.

Maria Gabriela da Conceição

*Author for conrrespondence. E-mail: janaina.lima@ufob.edu.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables | Formulas

Tables (5)
Formulas (2)

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Table 1
Ingredients proportion and chemical composition of experimental diets (g kg^-1 on dry matter basis).

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Table 2
Dry matter intake (DMI) and N balance (NB) in crossbred steers fed multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with urea.

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Table 3
Ruminal pH of cattle fed multiple supplements.

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Table 4
Rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN, mg dL^-1) as a function of collection times.

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Table 5
Volatile fatty acids (mmol mL^-1) in crossbred steers fed multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with urea.

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Table 1 Ingredients proportion and chemical composition of experimental diets (g kg^-1 on dry matter basis).

Item	Control	Urea levels, %
Item	Control	0	1	2	3
Ingredients, g kg^-1
Tifton hay	800	800	800	800	800
Wheat bran	150	0	0	0	0
Soybean meal	30	0	0	0	0
Spineless cactus	0	190	180	170	160
Urea/AS^a	10	0	10	20	30
Mineral mix^b	10	10	10	10	10
Diet composition, g kg^-1 of DM
Dry matter, g kg^-1	893	355	366	378	392
Organic matter	913	903	894	885	877
Crude protein	115	60	87	115	143
apNDF	586	565	563	561	560
Non-fiber carbohydrates	212	255	249	243	237

DM, dry matter; apNDF, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein. ^a9 parts of urea and 1 part of ammonium sulphate (AS). ^bCa (min.) - 98 g kg^-1, Ca (max.) - 113 g kg^-1, P - 45 g kg^-1, S - 40 g kg^-1, Mg - 44 g kg^-1, K - 61.5 g kg^-1, Na - 114.5 g kg^-1, Co - 48.5 mg kg^-1, Cu - 516 mg kg^-1, I - 30 mg kg^-1, Mn - 760 mg kg^-1, Se - 9 mg kg^-1, Zn - 2516 mg kg^-1, F - 450 mg kg^-1.

Table 2 Dry matter intake (DMI) and N balance (NB) in crossbred steers fed multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with urea.

Item	Control	Urea levels, %					Contrasts^a (P value)
Item	Control	0	1	2	3	SEM	I	II	III	IV
DMI, kg d^-1	7.18	6.01*	6.89	6.85	6.59	0.46	0.077	0.033	0.188	0.061
NI, g d^-1	135	57.2*	102*	129	155*	5.47	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.840
FN, g d^-1	32.4	27.1*	30.9	30.2	29.9	2.44	0.051	0.035	0.162	0.114
UN, g d^-1	29.1	9.68*	25.0	51.4*	77.2*	5.83	0.074	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.348
NB, g d^-1	73.8	20.5*	46.0*	47.4*	47.4*	7.69	< 0.001	0.004	0.014	0.069
NB, % of N intake	54.5	35.9*	45.2	36.3*	30.4*	5.16	0.004	0.781	0.211	0.106
PUN, mg dL^-1	20.0	8.30*	14.1*	17.6	22.4	1.52	0.005	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.668

SEM, standard error of the mean; NI, nitrogen intake; FN, fecal nitrogen; UN, urinary nitrogen; PUN, plasma urea nitrogen. ^aI - All treatments vs. Control; II - Spineless cactus without urea vs. Spineless cactus with urea; III - Linear effect in urea levels; IV - Quadratic effect in urea levels. *Significant by Dunnett test (p < 0.10).

Table 3 Ruminal pH of cattle fed multiple supplements.

Item	Control	Urea levels, %				..	Effect (P value)
Item	Control	0	1	2	3	..	Treat.	Time	Treat. x Time
pH	6.50	6.60	6.59	6.55	6.60		0.449	< 0.001	0.854
Time effect
Item	Collection times, h					..	Contrasts (P value)
Item	0	2	4	6	..	..	Linear	Quadratic	Cubic
pH	6.76	6.57	6.42	6.52	..	..	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.132

Treat - treatment.

Table 4 Rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN, mg dL^-1) as a function of collection times.

Item	Control	Urea levels, %				Contrasts^a(P value)
Item	Control	0	1	2	3	I	II	III	IV
After feeding, hours
0	10.4	1.02*	3.74*	6.94	8.66	0.010	0.003	0.751	0.781
2	29.5	2.30*	15.8*	19.6	24.2	0.001	<0.001	0.176	0.469
4	17.6	5.24*	5.94*	23.4	21.4	0.005	0.003	0.657	0.017
6	13.3	2.32*	4.28*	10.1	16.5	0.062	0.006	0.522	0.830

^aI - All treatments vs. Control; II - Spineless cactus without urea vs. Spineless cactus with urea; III - Linear effect in urea levels; IV - Quadratic effect in urea levels. *Significant by Dunnett test (p <0.10).

Table 5 Volatile fatty acids (mmol mL^-1) in crossbred steers fed multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with urea.

Item	Control	Urea levels, %					Effect (P value)
Item	Control	0	1	2	3	SEM	Treat.	Time	Treat. x Time
Acetate (A)	63.1	67.6	67.9	72.9*	65.9	3.91	0.022	0.062	0.678
Propionate (P)	15.6	15.8	16.5	16.7	15.1	1.18	0.193	0.001	0.745
Butyrate(B)	7.10	7.23	6.53	7.30	6.67	0.53	0.502	< 0.001	0.437
A:P ratio	4.05	4.43	4.23	4.58	4.50	0.20	0.323	0.003	0.976
MP, g d^-1	493	360*	439	463	429	26.2	0.028	0.012	0.062
MP, g kg^-1 TDN	106	91.0	97.5	106	91.2	5.93	0.124	0.264	0.710

SEM, standard error of the mean; Treat, treatment; MP,Microbial protein; MP,Microbial protein efficiency; TDN, Total digestible nutrients.

Y_{i j k} = µ + T_{i} + A_{j} + P_{K} + ε_{i j k}

Y_{i j k} = µ + T_{i} + {(t * p)}_{i k} + σ_{i J} + P_{K} + ε_{i j k}

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Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with urea forcattle

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[1] *Author for conrrespondence. E-mail: janaina.lima@ufob.edu.br