A Lipid-walled microcapsule diet as co-feed for early feeding the <i>Osphronemus gourami</i> (Lacepede) larvae

The effects of microcapsule diet as co-feeding for early weaning phase of gourami larvae where evaluated in terms of ingestion rate of microcapsule, growth, and survival rate. The availability of tubifex worms as natural food is uncertain and can introduce pathogens to fish culture from outside environment. Therefore, the attempt to replace or substitute this natural food continues in order to reduce the level of dependence. This research used Complete Randomized Designed (CRD) with four treatments based on a different protocol feeding management. Gourami larvae should be started with the co-feeding on day 12 until day 17 and they are more receptive to microcapsule diets after day 17. The ingestion rate of microcapsule which consumed by the larvae during the period of rearing was 48.33, 68.33, and 88.33%. This study indicated that larvae started co-feeding day 22 showed highest of ingestion rate of the microcapsule, survival rate, specific growth rate and weight gain.

Keywords:
gourami; feeding management; microcapsule; fish larvae; growth; survival rate

Authorship

Purnama Sukardi ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail: purnamaskd@gmail.com

Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Soeparno, Karangwangkal, 53123, Purwokerto, Indonesia. Jenderal Soedirman UniversityIndonesiaPurwokerto, IndonesiaDepartment of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Soeparno, Karangwangkal, 53123, Purwokerto, Indonesia.

Hana Hana

Faculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia. Jenderal Soedirman UniversityIndonesiaIndonesiaFaculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia.

Norman Arie Prayogo

Center for Maritime Bioscience Studies, Institute for Research and Community Service, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia. Universitas Jenderal SoedirmanIndonesiaIndonesiaCenter for Maritime Bioscience Studies, Institute for Research and Community Service, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia.

Isdy Sulistyo

Petrus Hary Tjahja Soedibya

Taufan Harisam

Tjahjo Winanto

*Author for correspondence. E-mail: purnamaskd@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Faculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia. Jenderal Soedirman UniversityIndonesiaIndonesiaFaculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia.

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (6)
Tables (5)
Formulas (1)

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Figure 1
Early weaning protocol of a feeding management of O. gourami larvae during the experiment (C= control group, without co-feeding precess, they were fed only Tubifex until the end of experiments, T1= larvae with co-feeding which were fed mix tubifex and microcapsules started on day 20 as the weaning trial, T2= were fed started on day 17 as the weaning trial, and T3= were fed started on day 12 as the weaning trial).

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Figure 2
A Microphotograph showing the lipid-walled microcapsule (light microscope Boeco 10 x 10).

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Figure 3
A Microphotograph showing the lipid-walled microcapsule in the gut larvae of O. gourami (light microscope Boeco 10 x 40).

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Figure 4
Standard curve for the absorbance of different concentrations of phenol red.

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Figure 5
Ingestion rate of lipid-walled microcapsules of O. gourami larvae. Bars represented by different superscript letters indicate significantly different values (p < 0.05).

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Figure 6
Survival rates of O. gourami larvae reared during 12 weeks of culture. Bars represented by different superscript letters indicate significantly different values (p < 0.05).

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Table 1
Composition of micro encapsulated diet for feeding experiment.

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Table 2
Composition of microencapsulated diet for leaching experimente.

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Table 3
Optical density of lipid-wall microcapsules.

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Table 4
Proximate composition of microcapsule diet dry matter basis, mean values with standard deviation, as determined by laboratory analysis (n=2).

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Table 5
The growth of O. gourami during 12 weeks of experiment.

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Figure 1 Early weaning protocol of a feeding management of O. gourami larvae during the experiment (C= control group, without co-feeding precess, they were fed only Tubifex until the end of experiments, T1= larvae with co-feeding which were fed mix tubifex and microcapsules started on day 20 as the weaning trial, T2= were fed started on day 17 as the weaning trial, and T3= were fed started on day 12 as the weaning trial).

Figure 2 A Microphotograph showing the lipid-walled microcapsule (light microscope Boeco 10 x 10).

Figure 3 A Microphotograph showing the lipid-walled microcapsule in the gut larvae of O. gourami (light microscope Boeco 10 x 40).

Figure 4 Standard curve for the absorbance of different concentrations of phenol red.

Figure 5 Ingestion rate of lipid-walled microcapsules of O. gourami larvae. Bars represented by different superscript letters indicate significantly different values (p < 0.05).

Figure 6 Survival rates of O. gourami larvae reared during 12 weeks of culture. Bars represented by different superscript letters indicate significantly different values (p < 0.05).

Table 1 Composition of micro encapsulated diet for feeding experiment.

Diet	Diet components	% composition by weight
1	Matrix: (72.6% w^-1)
	fish oil	68.97
	extract Tubifex worm	3.63
	Inclusion: (27.4 % w^-1)
	egg-yolk	5.75
	extractTubifex	21.63
	vitamins B1, B2, B12	0.014

Microcapsule size.

Table 2 Composition of microencapsulated diet for leaching experimente.

Diet	Diet components	% composition by weight
2	Matrix: (72.6% w^-1)
	fish oil	68.97
	extract Tubifex worm	3.63
	Inclusion: (27.4 % w^-1)
	egg-yolk	5.75
	extract Tubifex	21.63
	vitamins B1, B2, B12	0.014
	phenol red	0.014

Table 3 Optical density of lipid-wall microcapsules.

Soaking time (hours)	Optical Density	Filtrate Concentrations (%)	Decay Rate (%)
0	0,213 ± 0,044^a	0,702 x 10^-3	1.75
1	0,349 ± 0,029^b	1,313 x 10^-3	3.28
2	0,403 ± 0,018^b	1,557 x 10^-3	3.28
4	0,541 ± 0,002^c	2,177 x 10^-3	5.44

Filtrate was phenol red in the inclusion of microcapsules. Different superscript letters in the same columns denote mean ± SD, n = 5, means not sharing a common superscript are statistically different at p < 0.05.

Table 4 Proximate composition of microcapsule diet dry matter basis, mean values with standard deviation, as determined by laboratory analysis (n=2).

	% dry matter
Crude protein	20.00 ± 0.43
Crude lipid	7.03 ± 0.29
Crude fibre	0.50 ± 0.03
Ash	2.50±0.55
Moisture	3.00 ± 0.15
NFE	70.00±0.45

Table 5 The growth of O. gourami during 12 weeks of experiment.

Parameter	Control	Trial 1	Trial 2	Trial 3
Initial weight (g)	0,015 ± 0,002^a	0,015 ± 0,001^a	0,015 ± 0,001^a	0,015 ± 0,001^a
Final weight (g)	0,107 ± 0,012^a	0,060 ± 0,007^b	0,068 ± 0,016^b	0,104 ± 0,008^a
Weight gain (g)	0,092 ± 0,012^a	0,046 ± 0,007^b	0,053 ± 0,016^b	0,090 ± 0,008^a
Initial total length (cm)	1,140 ± 0,036^a	1,100 ± 0,026^a	1,140 ± 0,016^a	1,090 ± 0,035^a
Final total length (cm)	2,000 ± 0,095^a	1,750 ± 0,089^a	1,8 ± 0,211^a	1,985 ± 0,138^a
Length increment (cm)	0,860 ± 0,099^a	0,640 ± 0,082^a	0,660 ± 0,203^a	0,895 ± 0,157^a
SGR (%)	8,123 ± 0,608^a	5,898 ± 0,729^b	6,187 ± 1,321^b	8,213 ± 0,377^a

Values in the same columns different superscript letters denote mean ± SD, n=3. Means not sharing a common superscript are statistically different at p < 0.05.

S G R (\frac{%}{d}) = \frac{100 ⌊\ln W t - W i⌋}{T}

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A Lipid-walled microcapsule diet as co-feed for early feeding the <i>Osphronemus gourami</i> (Lacepede) larvae

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail: purnamaskd@gmail.com