Babassu mesocarp meal for ewe lambs feeding: In vitro ruminal fermentation and in vivo apparent digestibility

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the in vitro fermentation (IVRF) and apparent in vivo digestibility (AIVD) of diets formulated with four inclusion levels of babassu mesocarp meal (BMM) (0.0; 7.5; 15.0 and 22.5%) in ewe lambs. The IVRF test was performed through the "Hohenheim Gas Test" technique, following a randomized complete block design, with four blocks (rumen fluids from four different bovines). Gas production was measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after incubation. For the AIVD trial, 20 ewe lambs were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. The animals were housed in metabolic cages during the digestibility test. Diets with BMM showed lower fermentation levels than those without BMM. The BMM reduced the gas production per incubation time and dry matter effective degradability (DMED), possibly due to its chemical characteristics, or even to the influence of other factors, such as physical properties. The BMM negatively influenced the AIVD of DM. Thus, it can be stated that, despite being a starch source, BMM reduces ruminal fermentation parameters when included in ruminant diets, negatively interfering with diet digestibility. Therefore, its use should be cautious.

Keywords:
byproducts; feeding; rumination; sheep

Authorship

Luciano Fernandes Sousa

Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, BR-153, Km 112, 77804-970, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brasil. Universidade Federal do TocantinsBrazilAraguaína, Tocantins, BrazilEscola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, BR-153, Km 112, 77804-970, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6072-9237

Jhone Tallison Lira de Sousa

Erica Beatriz Schultz

Instituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Rural do Rio de JaneiroBrazilSeropédica, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilInstituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Gilberto de Lima Macedo Júnior

Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil.Universidade Federal de UberlândiaBrazilUberlândia, Minas Gerais, BrazilFaculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: luciano.sousa@uft.edu.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables | Formulas

Tables (6)
Formulas (10)

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Table 1
Chemical composition of babassu mesocarp meal (BMM)*.

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Table 2
Ingredients and chemical composition of diets with increasing inclusion levels of babassu mesocarp meal for lambs.

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Table 3
Parameters of ruminal fermentation kinetics of diets with babassu mesocarp meal (BMM) determined using the France model and effective degradability.

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Table 4
Cumulative gas production (CGP) equations expressed as mL. g^-1 DM of diets including babassu mesocarp meal.

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Table 5
Digestibility coefficients in ewe lambs fed diets with increasing levels babassu mesocarp meal (BMM).

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Table 6
Intake, digestibility and balance of gross energy in ewe lambs fed increasing amounts of babassu mesocarp meal (BMM).

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Table 1 Chemical composition of babassu mesocarp meal (BMM)*.

Item			BMM
Dry matter (DM) (%)			87.83
Ash (% of DM)			4.36
Crude protein (% of DM)			6.09
Ether extract (% of DM)			1.29
Neutral detergent fiber (% of DM)			60.20
Acid detergent fiber (% of DM)			44.02
Hemicellulose (% of DM)			16.17
Cellulose (% of DM)			26.07
Lignin (% of DM)			21.16
Neutral Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen (N) (% of total N)			0.25
Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen (N) (% of total N)			0.31
Carbohydrate fractionation
TOCH (% of DM)	A + B1 (% of TOCH)	B2 (% of TOCH)	C (% of TOCH)
88.25	36.42	6.05	57.53

TOCH: Total Carbohydrates; *Information provided by the BMM provider

Table 2 Ingredients and chemical composition of diets with increasing inclusion levels of babassu mesocarp meal for lambs.

Item (%)	BMM (%)
Item (%)	0.0	7.5	15.0	22.5
Napier grass silage	53.34	47.13	40.96	34.78
BMM	0.00	7.50	15.00	22.50
Cornmeal	25.63	24.32	22.98	21.66
Soybean meal	16.03	15.91	15.79	15.69
Phosphate	0.54	0.69	0.84	0.96
Mineral mix	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00
Dolomitic limestone	1.46	1.45	1.43	1.41
Chemical composition*
Dry matter	59.16	62.62	66.05	69.44
Crude protein	12.15	11.93	12.26	12.07
Total digestible nutrients	59.70	59.95	60.34	60.86
Neutral detergent fiber	41.07	41.13	41.19	41.25

BMM: babassu mesocarp meal. *Analyzed chemical composition

Table 3 Parameters of ruminal fermentation kinetics of diets with babassu mesocarp meal (BMM) determined using the France model and effective degradability.

Item	BMM (%)
Item	0.0	7.5	15.0	22.5
A*	265.91 A	258.1 B	257.99 B	250.66 C
CT* (hours:minutes)	01:50 B	02:40 A	02:41 A	02:59 A
µ*	0.05993	0.05678	0.05631	0.05324
DMED (5%)	70.99	66.57	64.29	65.98
DMED (6%)	69.00	64.21	61.83	63.85
DMED (7%)	67.05	61.92	59.46	61.76
DMED (8%)	65.16	59.7	57.17	59.74

A: Total gas (mL); CT: colonization time (hours); µ: fractional degradation rate (h^-1); DMED: Dry matter effective degradability; * Parameters estimated by France et al. (1993France, J., Dhanoa, M. S., Theodorou, M. K., Lister, S. J., Davies, D. R., & Isac, D. (1993). A model to interpret gas accumulation profiles associated with in vitro degradation of ruminant feeds. Journal Theoretical Biology, 163(1), 99-111. doi: 10.1006/jtbi.1993.1109
https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1993.1109... ). Values accompanied by the same letters in the lines, are identical by the 5% curve identity test (Regazzi & Silva, 2010Regazzi, A. J., & Silva, C. H. O. (2010). Testes para verificar a igualdade de parâmetros e a identidade de modelos de regressão não-linear em dados de experimento com delineamento em blocos casualizados. Revista Ceres, 57(3), 315-320. doi: 10.1590/S0034-737X2010000300005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-737X201000... ).

Table 4 Cumulative gas production (CGP) equations expressed as mL. g^-1 DM of diets including babassu mesocarp meal.

BMM (%)	Equation of France Model	R² (%)
0.0	$Y = 265.9173 x {1 - {e x p}^{[- (0.0743) x (t - 1.8699) - (- 0.1069) x (\sqrt t - \sqrt 1.8699)]}}$ A	98.80
7.5	$Y = 258.1030 x {1 - {e x p}^{[- (0.0771) x (t - 2.6481) - (- 0.1333) x (\sqrt t - \sqrt 2.6481)]}}$ B	96.70
15.0	$Y = 257.9985 x {1 - {e x p}^{[- (0.0728) x (t - 2.6275) - (- 0.1297) x (\sqrt t - \sqrt 2.6275)]}}$ B	98.20
22.5	$Y = 250.6609 x {1 - {e x p}^{[- (0.0697) x (t - 2.9206) - (0.1119) x (\sqrt t - \sqrt 2.9206)]}}$ C	97.20

Equations accompanied by equal letters in columns, are identical by the 5% curve identity test (Regazzi & Silva, 2010Regazzi, A. J., & Silva, C. H. O. (2010). Testes para verificar a igualdade de parâmetros e a identidade de modelos de regressão não-linear em dados de experimento com delineamento em blocos casualizados. Revista Ceres, 57(3), 315-320. doi: 10.1590/S0034-737X2010000300005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-737X201000... ).

Table 5 Digestibility coefficients in ewe lambs fed diets with increasing levels babassu mesocarp meal (BMM).

Item	BMM (%)				p-value
Item	0.0	7.5	15.0	22.5	L	Q	LD
¹DMD (%)	71.88	71.71	69.81	66.70	<0.021	0.234	0.432
CPD (%)	66.36	72.76	72.16	68.43	0.342	0.246	0.176
² EED (%)	59.39	77.81	75.53	82.19	0.012	0.482	0.441
NDFD (%)	59.95	49.85	53.27	51.06	0.543	0.379	0.105
³ADFD (%)	48.75	49.72	41.78	40.06	0.021	0.263	0.519

L: linear effect; Q: quadratic effect; DL: linearity deviation; DDM: dry matter digestibility; CPD: crude protein digestibility; EED: ethereal extract digestibility; NDFD: neutral detergent fiber digestibility; NDAD: acid detergent fiber digestibility. ¹ Ŷ = 0.726495 - 0.002328X (R² = 87.51%); ² Ŷ = 63.820214 + 0.881422X (R² = 76.53%); ³ Ŷ = 0.501843 - 0.004537X (R² = 81.51%).

Table 6 Intake, digestibility and balance of gross energy in ewe lambs fed increasing amounts of babassu mesocarp meal (BMM).

Item	BMM (%)				p-value
Item	0.0	7.5	15.0	22.5	L	Q	LD
¹GEI*	2636.29	3846.71	4407.74	4495.69	>0.001	0.387	0.210
²GED (%)	73.29	71.96	69.03	66.57	>0.001	0.521	0.334
³EB*	1012.18	1279.69	1718.9	1751.51	0.004	0.387	0.405

*Kcal; L: linear effect; Q: quadratic effect; DL: linearity deviation; GEI: gross energy intake; EGD: gross energy digestibility; EB: energy balance. ¹ Ŷ = 2925.71 + 81.856X (R² = 75.54%); ² Ŷ = 72.976 + 0.2679X (R² = 82.33%); ³ Ŷ =1042.021 + 35.429X (R² = 82.04%).

Y = 265.9173 x {1 - {e x p}^{[- (0.0743) x (t - 1.8699) - (- 0.1069) x (\sqrt t - \sqrt 1.8699)]}}

Y = 258.1030 x {1 - {e x p}^{[- (0.0771) x (t - 2.6481) - (- 0.1333) x (\sqrt t - \sqrt 2.6481)]}}

Y = 257.9985 x {1 - {e x p}^{[- (0.0728) x (t - 2.6275) - (- 0.1297) x (\sqrt t - \sqrt 2.6275)]}}

Y = 250.6609 x {1 - {e x p}^{[- (0.0697) x (t - 2.9206) - (0.1119) x (\sqrt t - \sqrt 2.9206)]}}

Ŷ = 0.726495 - 0.002328 X

Ŷ = 63.820214 + 0.881422 X

Ŷ = 0.501843 - 0.004537 X

Ŷ = 2925.71 + 81.856 X

Ŷ = 72.976 + 0.2679 X

Ŷ = 1042.021 + 35.429 X

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Babassu mesocarp meal for ewe lambs feeding: In vitro ruminal fermentation and in vivo apparent digestibility

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: luciano.sousa@uft.edu.br