EVALUATION OF MUSCLE STRENGTH IN MEDULLAR INJURY: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Capelari, Tânia Valdameri; Borin, Jéssica Saccol; Grigol, Melissa; Saccani, Raquel; Zardo, Franciele; Cechetti, Fernanda

doi:10.1590/S1808-185120171604179802

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Literature Review • Coluna/Columna 16 (04) • Oct-Dec 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1808-185120171604179802 copy

EVALUATION OF MUSCLE STRENGTH IN MEDULLAR INJURY: A LITERATURE REVIEW

AVALIAÇÃO DA FORÇA MUSCULAR NA LESÃO MEDULAR: UMA REVISÃO DA LITERATURA

EVALUACIÓN DE LA FUERZA MUSCULAR EN LA LESIÓN MEDULAR: UNA REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective: To identify the tools used to evaluate muscle strength in subjects with spinal cord injury in both clinical practice and scientific research. Methods: Initially, the literature review was carried out to identify the tools used in scientific research. The search was conducted in the following databases: Virtual Health Library (VHL), Pedro, and PubMed. Studies published between 1990 and 2016 were considered and selected, depicting an evaluation of muscle strength as an endpoint or for characterization of the sample. Next, a survey was carried out with physiotherapists to identify the instruments used for evaluation in clinical practice, and the degree of satisfaction of professionals with respect to them. Results: 495 studies were found; 93 were included for qualitative evaluation. In the studies, we verified the use of manual muscle test with different graduation systems, isokinetic dynamometer, hand-held dynamometer, and manual dynamometer. In clinical practice, the manual muscle test using the motor score recommended by the American Spinal Cord Injury Association was the most used method, despite the limitations highlighted by the physiotherapists interviewed. Conclusion: In scientific research, there is great variation in the methods and tools used to evaluate muscle strength in individuals with spinal cord injury, differently from clinical practice. The tools available and currently used have important limitations, which were highlighted by the professionals interviewed. No instrument depicts direct relationship of muscle strength and functionality of the subject. There is no consensus as to the best method for assessing muscle strength in spinal cord injury, and new instruments are needed that are specific for use in this population.

Keywords:
Muscle strength; Physical examination; Spinal cord

Author	Instruments	Method
Carrasco-Lopez et al (2016)⁸	MMT	UEMS
Bouton et al. (2016)⁹	MMT	GRASSP
Stevens et al. (2015)¹⁰	Portable dynamometer	Maximum isometric force; one series with a minimum of three repetitions with 3 to 5s of contraction
Kim et al. (2015)¹¹	Portable dynamometer	Break-test
Senthilvelkumar et al. (2015)¹²	MMT	Daniels and Worthinghan
Gomes-Osman; Field-Fote (2015)¹³	Manual dynamometer	Average of three repetitions
Mulroy et al. (2015)¹⁴	Isokinetic dynamometer	one series of two repetitions of 5s of contraction, with 15 seconds of rest between them
Dipiro et al (2015)¹⁵	MMT	LEMS
Dipiro et al (2015)¹⁵	Isokinetic dynamometer	Maximum isometric contraction: three repetitions with 5s duration and 60s of rest between them
Duffell; Brown; Mirbagheri (2015)¹⁶	Isokinetic dynamometer	Two repetitions of maximum isometric contraction
Bravo-Esteban et al. (2014)¹⁷	Isokinetic dynamometer	Isometric contractions with duration of 5s, five cycles of isotonic contraction; 10 cycles of isokinetic contraction
Chu; Hornby; Schmit (2014)¹⁸	Isokinetic dynamometer	Isometric contractions: eight repetitions with duration of 5s and rest of 25s between them
Jarocha et al. (2015)¹⁹	MMT	Lovett Scale
Esclarín-Ruz et al. (2014)²⁰	MMT	LEMS
Backus et al. (2014)²¹	AMES device	six voluntary maximum contractions (three for extension and three for flexion). Average peak torque calculated
Fleerkotte et al (2014)²²	MMT	LEMS
Guiraud et al. (2014)²³	MMT	MRC
Guiraud et al. (2014)²³	Isokinetic dynamometer	Maximum isometric contraction
Kalsi-Ryan et al. (2014)²⁴	MMT	GRASSP
Gabison et al. (2014)²⁵	Portable dynamometer	one series of three repetitions of 5s, with rest of 30s between them
Van Straaten et al. (2014)²⁶	Adapted load cells	one series of two and three voluntary maximum isometric contractions with duration of 3 to 5s each
Froelich-Grobe et al. (2014)²⁷	1 RM	Maximum voluntary contraction
Rosety-Rodriguez et al. (2014)²⁸	Manual dynamometer	Maximum grip strength measured in one series of three repetitions with an interval of 90s between them
Dost et al. (2014)²⁹	Isokinetic dynamometer	five maximum voluntary contractions
Triolo et al. (2013)³⁰	Isokinetic dynamometer	Isometric contractions: eight repetitions with duration of 5s and rest of 25s between them
Labruyere; Zimmerli; Van Hedel (2013)³¹	MMT	LEMS
Fornusek; Davis; Russold (2013)³²	Isokinetic dynamometer	one series of three isometric contractions with duration of 7s, with interval of 10s between them
Yeoun-Seung Kang et al. (2013)³³	MMT,	UEMS
Yeoun-Seung Kang et al. (2013)³³	Dynamometer customized with force transducer	Maximum voluntary contraction, average of 3 repetitions
Thompson; Hornby (2013)³⁴	MMT	LEMS
Jayaraman et al. (2013)³⁵	MMT	LEMS
Jayaraman et al. (2013)³⁵	Isokinetic dynamometer	Maximum voluntary isometric contraction: three repetitions
Cortes et al. (2013)³⁶	MMT	UEMS
Sadowsky et al. (2013)³⁷	Isokinetic dynamometer	Maximum voluntary contraction: five repetitions
Lindberg et al. (2012)³⁸	Piezoelectric force sensor coupled to customized ergometer	Peak strength in the last 60 seconds of the maximum and submaximum test
Triolo Etal.(2012)³⁹	Isokinetic dynamometer	Average peak torque of 12 repetitions with 15s interval between them
Nooijen et al. (2012)⁴⁰	Portable dynamometer	Break-test
Wu et al. (2012)⁴¹	MMT	LEMS
Wu et al. (2012)⁴¹	Isokinetic dynamometer	Average maximum voluntary torque, without methodology details
Trumbower et al. (2012)⁴²	Isokinetic dynamometer	three maximum voluntary contractions, with 3 to 6s of duration, and 1 minute of rest between them
Sledziewski; Schaaf; Mount (2012)⁴³	MMT	UEMS
Alcobendas-Maestro et al. (2012)⁴⁴	MMT	LEMS
Zijdewind et al. (2012)⁴⁵	Customized dynamometer with force transducer	Maximum contraction, maintained for 5s. Combined contractions 5s, with 1 minute of rest between them
Serra-Añó et al. (2012)⁴⁶	Isokinetic dynamometer	six series of three repetitions with duration of 5s, and 30s of interval between them
Serra-Añó et al. (2012)⁴⁷	Isokinetic dynamometer	one series of three isometric contractions of 5s; 30s of rest between them. 3 minutes of rest, 5 repetitions of concentric contractions at different velocities
Boland et al. (2011)⁴⁸	MMT	LEMS; UEMS + thumb abductor
Johnston et al. (2011)⁴⁹	Isokinetic dynamometer	three repetitions; 2 minutes of rest between them
Yang et al. (2011)⁵⁰	MMT	Kendall
Lundell et al.(2011)⁵¹	MMT	MRC
Harvey et al. (2011)⁵²	MMT	GRASSP - strength subtest
Saraf et al.(2010)⁵³	MMT	LEMS
Saraf et al.(2010)⁵³	Isokinetic dynamometer	Maximum voluntary contraction maintained for 2 to 5s
Larson et al. ( 2010)⁵⁴	Portable dynamometer	Maximum voluntary contraction from one series of three repetitions, with interval of 15s between them
Harvey et al. (2010)⁵⁵	Isokinetic dynamometer	Best of sis attempts at one RM, with 1 minute of rest between them
Valent et al. (2009)⁵⁶	Portable dynamometer	break-test
Glinsky et al. (2009)⁵⁷	Load cell with visual feedback	Maximum isometric contraction, measured in 1 series of 8 contractions of 4s, with 1 minute of rest between them. Average of the three best measurements
Bowden; Stokic (2009)⁵⁸	MMT	LEMS, UEMS
Rudhe; Van Hedel (2009)⁵⁹	MMT	UEMS, GRASSP
Jacobs (2009)⁶⁰	1 RM	Mayhew regression equation
Beekhuizen; Field-Fote (2008)⁶¹	Portable dynamometer	One average of five repetitions
Glinsky et al. (2008)⁶²	Load cells	Measurement of maximum voluntary isometric torque. one series of eight contractions with duration of 4s, and 1 minute of interval between them
Haisma et al. (2008)⁶³	Portable dynamometer	Break- test
Kern et al. (2008)⁶⁴	Customized force transducers	Measurement of maximum voluntary isometric contraction
Johnston et al (2008)⁶⁵	Isokinetic dynamometer	three repetitions with 2 minutes between them
Wirth; Van Hedel; Já; Curt (2008)⁶⁶	Customized force transducers	Maximum voluntary contraction. Peak torque was measured when the subjects were able to maintain the contraction for 2 seconds
Wirth; Van Hedel; Já; Curt (2008)⁶⁷	Customized force transducer	Maximum voluntary contraction. Peak torque was measured when the subjects were able to maintain the contraction for 2 seconds
De Groot et al. (2008)⁶⁸	MMT	Kendall
De Groot et al. (2008)⁶⁸	Portable dynamometer	Break test
Jayaraman et al. (2008)⁶⁹	Isokinetic dynamometer	Maximum isometric contraction, measured in one series of three repetitions, with interval of 5s between them
Gregory et al. (2007)⁷⁰	Isokinetic dynamometer	Maximum voluntary contraction measured in three repetitions, with 60s of rest between them
Liu et al. (2007)⁷¹	Isokinetic dynamometer	Average of five maximum voluntary isometric contractions
Widman et al. (2007)⁷²	Isokinetic dynamometer	Maximum voluntary contraction: repetitions
Haisma et al. (2007)⁷³	Portable dynamometer	Break- test
Amanda Liussuwan et al. (2007)⁷⁴	Isokinetic dynamometer	Maximum voluntary contraction: three repetitions
Van Drogelen et al. (2006)⁷⁵	MMT	Kendall
Wirz et al. (2006)⁷⁶	MMT	LEMS
Javiere et al. (2006)⁷⁷	Weights and pulleys	Time to complete 20 repetitions with 70% 1 RM
Rittweger et al. (2006)⁷⁸	Customized dynamometer	Measurement of maximum voluntary contraction
Norton; Gorassini (2006)⁷⁹	MMT	MRC
Haisma et al. (2006)⁸⁰	MMT	Kendall
Haisma et al. (2006)⁸⁰	Portable dynamometer	Break test
Jayaraman et al. (2006)⁸¹	Isokinetic dynamometer	Maximum isometric contraction, measured in one series of three repetitions
Bjerkefors; Jansson, Thorstensson (2006)⁸²	Isokinetic dynamometer	4 maximum contractions, with rest of 4s between them. 2 minutes of rest between each series
Warms et al.(2004)⁸³	Portable dynamometer	Noreau and Vachon modified MRC
Mulcahey et al. (2004)⁸⁴	MMT	Daniels and Worthinghan
Kim; Whittaker (2004)⁸⁵	MMT	Modified Brunnstron and Denenn; LEMS
Bryden Et A L(2004)⁸⁶	MMT	Kendall; MRC
Beninato; O'kane; Sullivan (2004)⁸⁷	MMT	Daniels and Worthinghan
Hicks et al. (2003)⁸⁸	1 RM	Test of one repetition with maximum load
Diego et al. (2002)⁸⁹	MMT	Scale from 0 to 5
Smith; Mulcahey; Betz (2001)⁹⁰	MMT	Scale from 0 to 5
Jacobs; Nash; Rusinowski (2001)⁹¹	Isokinetic dynamometer	Concentric and eccentric contractions: average of three repetitions
Harvey et al. (2001)⁹²	Pinch strength with modified transducer Grip strength with various objects	Average of three repetitions; Cylinders of different sizes and weights
Belanger et al. (2000)⁹³	Isokinetic dynamometer	Maximum voluntary isometric contraction; duration of 2s, measured every 5s in an interval of 4 minutes
Kuz; Van Heest; House (1999)⁹⁴	MMT	Scale from 0 to 5
Thomas et al. (1998)⁹⁵	MMT	UEMS
Thomas et al. (1998)⁹⁵	Customized force transducer	Maximum voluntary contraction
Noreau; Vachon (1998)⁹⁶	MMT Portable dynamometer Isokinetic dynamometer	Modified MRC Maximum voluntary contraction, one series of three repetitions; 10 seconds of rest between them. Maximum voluntary contraction: one series of three repetitions; 10 seconds of rest between them
Herbison et al. (1996)⁹⁷	MMT	Modified Brunnstron and Denenn. one series of three repetitions with duration of 1 to 2s of maximum voluntary contraction
Herbison et al. (1996)⁹⁷	Portable dynamometer
Signorile et al. (1995)⁹⁸	Customized force transducer	Measurement of maximum voluntary contraction
Kornsgold et al. (1994)⁹⁹	MMT	Modified MRC, UEMS
Granat et al.(1993)¹⁰⁰	MMT	Oxford Scale Maximum voluntary contraction: best of three repetitions
Granat et al.(1993)¹⁰⁰	Customized dynamometer
Crozier et al. (1992)¹⁰¹	MMT	Brunnstron e Dennen

Sociedade Brasileira de Coluna Al. Lorena, 1304 cj. 1406/1407, 01424-001 São Paulo, SP, Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3088-6616 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: coluna.columna@uol.com.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] Correspondence: Fernanda Cechetti. Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP: 90050-270. nandacechetti@gmail.com