Affective |
Belief in and identification with Philosophy, with values and organizational objectives. |
Mowday, Porter and Steers (1982)Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee - organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press.; Kelman (1958)Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51-60.; Goudner (1960); Sá and Lemoine (1998)Sá, M. A. D & Lemoine, C. (1998). O estilo de liderança como fator de comprometimento na empresa. Anais do XXII Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil.. |
Affiliative |
Belief of acknowledgment from coworkers as a member of the group and the organization. |
Kelman (1958)Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51-60.; Gouldner (1960)Gouldner, H. P. (1960). Dimensions of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 4, 468-490.; Becker (1992)Becker, T. E. (1992). Foci and bases of commitment: are they distinctions worth making?. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 232-244.; Mowday, Porter and Steers (1982)Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee - organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press.; Medeiros and Enders (1999)Medeiros, C. A. F., Enders, W. T., Sales, I. D. O., Oliveira, D. D., & Monteiro, T. D. C. (1999). Três (ou quatro?) componentes do comprometimento organizacional. Anais do XXIII Encontro da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisas em Administração [EnANPAD], Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil, 23.. |
Obligation to remain (Normative) |
Belief there is the obligation to remain, that it wouldn't be right to leave; and that there is a moral obligation to the organization's people. |
Meyer and Allen (1991)Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.; Jaros et al. (1993)Jaros, S. J., Jermier, J. M., Koehler, J. W., & Sincich, T. (1993). Effects of continuance, affective, and moral commitment on the withdrawal process: An evaluation of eight structural equation models. Academy of Management Journal, 36(5), 951-995.. |
Obligation for performance (Normative) |
Belief that they must work hard for the organization's benefit and that they must reach the organizational objectives. |
Wiener (1982)Wiener, Y. (1982). Commitment in organizations: A normative view. Academy of Management Review, 7(3), 418-428. and Jaros et al. (1993)Jaros, S. J., Jermier, J. M., Koehler, J. W., & Sincich, T. (1993). Effects of continuance, affective, and moral commitment on the withdrawal process: An evaluation of eight structural equation models. Academy of Management Journal, 36(5), 951-995.; Mowday, Porter and Steers (1982)Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee - organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press.. |
Lack of rewards and opportunities (Instrumental) |
Belief that the steps taken to benefit the organization must be better rewarded, and that the organization must give them more opportunities. |
Mowday, Porter and Steers (1982)Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee - organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press.; Sá and Lemoine, 1998Sá, M. A. D & Lemoine, C. (1998). O estilo de liderança como fator de comprometimento na empresa. Anais do XXII Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil.); Becker (1992)Becker, T. E. (1992). Foci and bases of commitment: are they distinctions worth making?. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 232-244.. |
Consistent line of activities (Instrumental) |
Belief that they must attain to certain organizational behaviors and rules aiming at remaining in the company. |
Becker (1960)Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. American journal of Sociology, 66(1), 32-40.; Hrebiniak and Alutto (1972)Hrebiniak, L. G., & Alutto, J. A. (1972). Personal and role-related factors in the development of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 555-573.; McGee e Ford (1987)McGee, G. W., & Ford, R. C. (1987). Two (or more?) dimensions of organizational commitment: Reexamination of the affective and continuance commitment scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(4), 638-641.. |
Shortage of alternatives (Instrumental) |
Belief that there are a few alternatives for work out of the organization. |
Meyer and Allen (1991)Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89., McGee and Ford (1987)McGee, G. W., & Ford, R. C. (1987). Two (or more?) dimensions of organizational commitment: Reexamination of the affective and continuance commitment scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(4), 638-641.. |