1. |
Stephan etal.1818. Stephan K, Welzl-Muller K, Stiglbrunner H. Stapedius reflex
threshold in cochlear implant patients. Audiology. 1988;27:227-33.
|
1988/ Austria |
Case report |
C/4 |
To develop a method that provides information on the dynamic area for
electrical stimulation |
12 users of CI |
Not reported |
Not reported |
ESRT and C level |
ESRT was observed, mostly above the dynamic range of electrical
stimulation of the electrodes. |
ESRT can provide appropriate assistance in adjusting the speech
processor of the CI in inconsistent patients. |
2. |
Battmer etal.1919. Battmer R, Laszig R, Lehnhardt E. Electrically elicited stapedius
reflex in cochlear implant patients. Ear Hear. 1990;11:370-4.
|
1990/ Germany |
Case report |
C/4 |
To assess the use of ESRT for the definition of objective data in the
speech processor |
25 users of CI |
19 to 68 |
42.8 |
ESRT |
76% showed ESRT and a reflex amplitude saturation was observed in 56%
of the sample. |
ESRT can be used in the initial C level programming of the speech
processor of CI. |
3. |
Stephan et al.2020. Stephan K, Welzl-Muller K, Stiglbrunner H. Acoutic reflex in
patients with cochlear implants (analog stimulation). Am J Otol.
1991;12:48-51.
|
1991/ Austria |
Case report |
C/4 |
To analyze the usefulness and ESRT threshold values in the CI
process |
21 users of CI |
Not reported |
Not reported |
ESRT, and C and T levels |
ESRT was observed in 11 patients, and there was no correlation between
the reflex threshold and the sensitivity threshold. |
ESRT can estimate the upper limit of the dynamic range of the CI. |
4. |
Spivak etal.2121. Spivak LG, Chute PM. The relationship between electrical acoustic
reflex thresholds and behavioral comfort levels in children and adult cochlear
implant patients. Ear Hear. 1994;15:184-92.
|
1994/USA |
Case report |
C/4 |
To assess the association between C levels and ESRT in adults and
children using CI |
35 users of CI |
5 to 70 |
Not reported |
ESRT and C level |
ESRT differed from C levels in behavioral tests by an average of 19.4
units of stimulus level for adults and 9.6 units of stimulus level for
children. |
Data from the ESRT can be very useful in programming the CI of adults
and children with inconsistent responses |
5. |
Van den Borne et al.2222. Van den Borne B, Snik AFM, Mens LHM, Brokx JPL, Van den Broek P.
Stapedius reflex measurements during surgery for cochlear implantation in children.
Am J Otol. 1996;17:554-8.
|
1996/ the Netherlands |
Case report |
C/4 |
To compare the ESRT in the intraoperative and postoperative periods, as
well as the C level |
19 users of CI |
Not reported |
Not reported |
ESRT and C level |
The ESRTs in the intraoperative period were higher than those in the
postoperative period and higher than C levels. |
ESRT, especially for children with meningitis etiology, in the
intraoperative period, is a poor predictor of C levels. |
6. |
Bresnihan et al.2323. Bresnihan M, Norman G, Scott F, Viani L. Measurement of comfort
levels by means of electrical stapedial reflex in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head
Neck Surg. 2001;127:963-6.
|
2001/ Ireland |
Case report |
C/4 |
To assess the use of ESRT to measure C levels in children with CI and
compare these results with behavioral methods |
26 users of CI |
2 to 9 |
4.9 |
ESRT,tympanometry, and behavioral measures |
The C levels obtained from ESRT were considered lower than those
obtained with behavioral techniques. |
The estimation of C level through ESRT is reliable and objective, and
therefore a valuable programming tool in the pediatric population |
7. |
Gordon et al.2424. Gordon KA, Papsin BC, Harrison RV. Toward a battery of behavioral
and objective measures to achieve optimal cochlear implant stimulation levels in
children. Ear Hear. 2004;25:447-63.
|
2004/ Canada |
Case report |
C/4 |
To report behavioral and electrophysiological responses in child
candidates for CI |
68 candidates for CI |
0.7 to 17 |
4.6 |
ESRT, BAEP, ECAP, and C levels |
BAEP and ECAP thresholds did not significantly change from the
1st to the 12th month of CI use, while ESRT and
C levels increased |
Nonbehavioral, intra-or postoperative measures may assist in
determining levels of stimulation in the CI, particularly in young
children |
8. |
Mason2525. Mason S. Electrophysiologic and objective monitoring of the cochlear
implant during surgery: implementation, audit and outcomes. Int J Audiol.
2004;43:33-8.
|
2004/United Kingdom |
Case report |
C/4 |
To perform a retrospective study on the implementation of the
electrophysiological and objective measures and their value when managing
children with a CI |
29 users of CI |
Not reported |
Not reported |
BAEP, ECAP, and ESRT |
ESRT was observed in 28 patients, BAEP in 27, and ECAP in 29. |
Objective electrophysiological measures not only assist in the initial
installation of the CI, but also provide valuable data for future device
programming. |
9 |
Caner et al.2626. Caner G, Olgun L, Gultekin G, Balaban M. Optimizing fitting in
children using objective measures such as neural response imaging and electrically
evoked stapedius reflex threshold. Otol Neurotol. 2007;28:637-40.
|
2007/ Turkey |
Case report |
C/4 |
To investigate the association between NRT, ESRT, and behavioral
outcomes |
16 users of CI |
Not reported |
Not reported |
ESRT, NRT, and behavioral measures |
NRT was obtained in 91.7% of patients intraoperatively and 94.2%
postoperatively. ESRT in 80% intraoperatively. ESRT levels were higher
than NRT levels. |
The two objective measures, together with the behavioral responses,
should be included in the CI programming process to avoid setting C
levels too high. |
10. |
Pau et al.2727. Pau HW, Ehrt K, Just T, Sievert U, Dahl R. How reliable is visual
assessment of the electrically elicited stapedius reflex threshold during cochlear
implant surgery, compared with tympanometry? J Laryngol Otol.
2011;125:271-3.
|
2011/ Germany |
Case report |
C/4 |
To compare the intraoperative and postoperative ESRT and tympanometry
results |
Six users of CI |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Visual observation and tympanometry |
There are no major differences between the two techniques used in the
intraoperative period, but there are differences when comparing the
intra- and postoperative periods. |
ESRT valuesobtained intraoperatively are not suitable for exact
definitions used for programming the speech processor of the CI. |
11. |
Cinar et al.1717. Cinar BC, Atas A, Sennaroglu G, Sennaroglu L. Evaluation of
objective test techniques in cochlear implant users with inner ear malformations.
Otol Neurotol. 2011;32:1065-74.
|
2011/ Turkey |
Cohort |
B/2B |
To investigate the effectiveness of objective techniques in the
programming of speech processors for cochlear implant users with cochlear
malformations |
35 users of CI |
Not reported |
Not reported |
BAEP, ECAP, and ESRT |
ECAP, BAEP, and ESRT thresholds differ from one another in both
groups |
BAEP is a more reliable measure than ECAP or ESRT |
12. |
Walkowiak et al.2828. Walkowiak A, Lorens A, Polak M, Kostek B, Skarzynski H, Szkielkowska
A, et al. Evoked stapedius reflex and compound action potential thresholds versus
most comfortable loudness level: assessment of their relation for charge-based
fitting strategies in implant users. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec.
2011;73:189-95.
|
2011/ Poland |
Case report |
C/4 |
To assess the viability ofusing ESRT and ECAP in the speech processor
programming of a Medel CI |
30 users of CI |
18 to 66 |
45 |
ESRT, ECAP, and C level |
In the adult population,the correlation between the ESRT and C level
was better for apical, medial, and basal electrodes than between ECAP and
C level. There was no significant difference in the mean values obtained
for ECAP and ESRT in children and adults in any of the tested
electrodes |
Although ESRT has a better association with C levels, both ESRT and
ECAP are useful in creating CI maps for children |