Music students: conventional hearing thresholds and at high
            frequencies

Lüders, Débora; Gonçalves, Cláudia Giglio de Oliveira; Lacerda, Adriana Bender de Moreira; Ribas, Ângela; Conto, Juliana de

doi:10.1016/j.bjorl.2014.05.010

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Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

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Original Articles • Braz. j. otorhinolaryngol. 80 (4) • Jul-Aug 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2014.05.010 copy

Music students: conventional hearing thresholds and at high frequencies^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Lüders D, Gonçalves CG, Lacerda AB, Ribas Â, de Conto J. Music students: conventional hearing thresholds and at high frequencies. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;80:296-304.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

INTRODUCTION:

Research has shown that hearing loss in musicians may cause difficulty in timbre recognition and tuning of instruments.

AIM:

To analyze the hearing thresholds from 250 Hz to 16,000 Hz in a group of music students and compare them to a non-musician group in order to determine whether high-frequency audiometry is a useful tool in the early detection of hearing impairment.

METHODS:

Study design was a retrospective observational cohort. Conventional and high-frequency audiometry was performed in 42 music students (Madsen Itera II audiometer and TDH39P headphones for conventional audiometry, and HDA 200 headphones for high-frequency audiometry).

RESULTS:

Of the 42 students, 38.1% were female students and 61.9% were male students, with a mean age of 26 years. At conventional audiometry, 92.85% had hearing thresholds within normal limits; but even within the normal limits, the worst results were observed in the left ear for all frequencies, except for 4000 Hz; compared to the non-musician group, the worst results occurred at 500 Hz in the left ear, and at 250 Hz, 6000 Hz, 9000 Hz, 10,000 Hz, and 11,200 Hz in both the ears.

CONCLUSION:

The periodic evaluation of high-frequency thresholds may be useful in the early detection of hearing loss in musicians.

Music; Students; Hearing; Hearing loss; Audiometry

Ear	Frequency (Hz)	G1 (n = 42)		G2 (n = 42)		p
		Mean dB HL	Standard deviation	Mean dB HL	Standard deviation
Right	250	10.1	4.6	8.0	4.0	0.0255^a
	500	8.5	3.2	6.8	5.0	0.0745
	1000	5.5	4.9	5.2	4.4	0.8158
	2000	3.9	4.6	5.4	5.0	0.1772
	3000	3.2	5.8	6.0	5.7	0.0317^a
	4000	6.2	7.1	8.0	6.8	0.2414
	6000	9.6	8.8	9.0	7.0	0.7324
	8000	7.4	7.8	8.2	6.7	0.6016
	9000	12.6	10.9	7.9	8.5	0.0286^a
	10,000	13.3	11.2	11.8	9.8	0.5021
	11,200	13.1	11.0	9.9	9.3	0.1535
	12,500	8.3	11.2	14.9	10.3	0.0066^a
	14,000	3.5	14.2	15.5	12.8	0.0001^a
	16,000	7.0	17.5	17.0	16.5	0.0085^a

Left	250	10.7	5.1	7.6	4.5	0.0041^a
	500	9.9	3.6	7.0	5.1	0.0037^a
	1000	5.4	5.7	6.2	5.7	0.5044
	2000	6.4	7.4	6.2	5.2	0.8650
	3000	4.6	8.9	6.0	5.7	0.4219
	4000	5.7	9.5	7.7	6.6	0.2624
	6000	10.2	13.3	8.8	7.9	0.5527
	8000	7.5	12.6	8.0	6.4	0.8280
	9000	12.7	13.6	8.9	8.6	0.1292
	10,000	13.8	14.7	10.7	8.2	0.2369
	11,200	13.5	15.0	10.8	9.9	0.3473
	12,500	9.2	15.3	16.5	12.0	0.0162^a
	14,000	5.7	16.9	15.4	13.9	0.0055^a
	16,000	7.6	20.6	15.9	13.7	0.0353^a

Frequency (Hz)	Right ear		Left ear		p
	Mean dB HL	Standard deviation	Mean dB HL	Standard deviation
250	10.1	4.6	10.7	5.1	0.3420
500	8.5	3.2	9.9	3.6	0.0125^a
1000	5.5	4.9	5.4	5.7	0.8642
2000	3.9	6.4	4.6	7.4	0.0109^a
3000	3.2	5.8	4.6	8.9	0.1477
4000	6.2	7.1	5.7	9.5	0.6818
6000	9.6	8.8	10.2.	13.3	0.7289
8000	7.4	7.8	7.5	12.6	0.9336
9000	12.6	11.9	12.7	13.6	0.9371
10,000	13.3	11.2	13.8	14.7	0.7789
11,200	13.1	11	13.4	15	0.8303
12,500	8.3	11.2	9.2	15.3	0.6238
14,000	3.4	14.2	5.7	16.9	0.0814
16,000	7	17.5	7.6	20.6	0.7249

Frequency (Hz)	Male (n = 26)				Female (n = 16)				p
	Mean dB HL		Standard deviation		Mean dB HL		Standard deviation
	RE	LE	RE	LE	RE	LE	RE	LE	RE	LE
250	9.4	12.2	4.5	5.8	11.3	9.8	4.7	4.6	0.2172	0.1463
500	8.5	10.0	3.1	3.7	8.4	9.8	3.5	3.6	0.9816	0.8680
1000	5.6	4.7	3.8	6.7	5.3	5.8	6.4	5.0	0.8680	0.5550
2000	4.2	6.3	4.4	9.6	3.4	6.5	5.1	6.0	0.5955	0.9045
3000	2.7	5.0	5.9	11.1	4.1	4.4	5.8	7.4	0.4659	0.8406
4000	5.6	8.7	7.5	12.2	7.2	3.8	6.3	7.1	0.4793	0.1063
6000	10.4	12.8	9.6	19.9	8.4	8.7	7.5	6.9	0.4926	0.3327
8000	7.5	9.7	7.4	17.6	7.2	6.2	8.8	8.4	0.9018	0.3841
9000	12.5	14.1	12.0	15.3	12.8	11.9	9.3	12.7	0.9297	0.6271
10,000	13.1	13.8	12.2	18.6	13.8	13.8	9.7	12.1	0.8526	0.9839
11,200	14.6	15.3	12.3	18.7	10.6	12.3	8.3	12.4	0.2604	0.5350
12,500	8.3	11.3	11.7	20.8	8.4	7.9	10.6	11.1	0.9629	0.4966
14,000	2.7	8.4	12.3	22.2	4.7	4.0	17.2	12.8	0.6631	0.4188
16,000	2.1	13.1	11.8	25.2	15.0	4.2	22.2	16.8	0.0183^a	0.1768

Frequency (Hz)	Up to 25 years – right ear				p
	G1 (n = 25)		G2 (n = 25)
	Mean dB HL	Standard deviation	Mean dB HL	Standard deviation
250	10.0	5.2	7.6	3.6	0.0951
500	9.0	3.5	8.2	5.0	0.0037^a
1000	5.6	5.6	5.9	4.0	0.5743
2000	4.2	5.3	4.4	3.5	0.2142
3000	1.2	5.0	6.8	5.3	0.0096^a
4000	4.2	5.9	9.4	7.0	0.0997
6000	9.4	8.7	11.2	7.6	0.4320
8000	6.2	7.0	9.4	7.7	0.4715
9000	10.2	8.1	11.2	10.5	0.0319^a
10,000	9.6	8.0	16.5	11.7	0.6614
11,200	10.6	8.0	14.8	11.8	0.0740
12,500	5.0	7.6	19.1	12.5	0.0032^a
14,000	-0.8	8.0	21.8	17.1	0.0000^a
16,000	1.4	14.6	22.0	19.4	0.0019^a

Frequency (Hz)	Age 26 and older – right ear				p
	G1 (n = 17)		G2 (n = 17)
	Mean dB HL	Standard deviation	Mean dB HL	Standard deviation
250	10.3	3.7	7.7	3.6	0.0239^a
500	7.7	2.6	8.2	5.0	0.6082
1000	5.3	3.7	5.9	4.0	0.6959
2000	3.5	3.4	4.4	3.5	0.4836
3000	6.2	5.7	6.8	5.3	0.7825
4000	9.1	7.8	9.4	7.1	0.8975
6000	10.0	9.2	11.2	7.6	0.6989
8000	9.1	8.9	9.4	7.7	0.9290
9000	16.2	13.6	11.2	10.5	0.2489
10,000	18.8	13.1	16.5	11.7	0.6248
11,200	16.8	13.8	14.7	11.8	0.6793
12,500	13.2	13.8	19.1	12.5	0.2485
14,000	9.7	18.7	21.2	17.1	0.0773
16,000	15.3	18.4	22.1	19.5	0.2273

Frequency (Hz)	Up to 25 years – left ear				p
	G1 (n = 25)		G2 (n = 25)
	Mean dB HL	Standard deviation	Mean dB HL	Standard deviation
250	10.0	4.8	8.2	4.3	0.0504^a
500	9.4	3.6	5.8	4.9	0.0104^a
1000	4.8	5.9	4.8	4.7	0.5025
2000	6.2	7.3	6.0	5.8	1.0000
3000	2.4	6.8	5.4	5.9	0.1081
4000	3.0	5.2	7.0	6.6	0.2228
6000	7.8	7.5	7.6	6.3	0.6252
8000	4.2	5.5	7.4	6.0	0.4570
9000	9.0	7.4	5.6	6.0	0.0875
10,000	10.8	8.0	8.6	6.8	0.3147
11,200	9.8	8.1	6.6	5.3	0.2563
12,500	6.0	9.0	12.0	7.5	0.0310^a
14,000	2.2	10.7	11.6	6.9	0.0117^a
16,000	3.6	17.8	13.6	13.5	0.3410

Frequency (Hz)	Age 26 and older – left ear				p
	G1 (n = 17)		G2 (n = 17)
	Mean dB HL	Standard deviation	Mean dB HL	Standard deviation
250	11.8	5.6	7.9	3.6	0.0143^a
500	10.6	3.5	8.2	4.7	0.0564^a
1000	6.2	5.5	6.5	5.2	0.8679
2000	6.8	7.9	6.2	5.2	0.7983
3000	7.9	10.6	7.4	6.6	0.8579
4000	9.7	12.8	9.1	6.4	0.8708
6000	13.8	18.7	11.8	9.2	0.6934
8000	12.4	17.9	12.1	6.6	0.9527
9000	18.2	18.5	13.8	9.6	0.4084
10,000	18.2	20.5	13.8	8.6	0.4440
11,200	18.8	20.7	15.9	11.9	0.6342
12,500	13.8	21.0	21.8	13.6	0.2267
14,000	10.9	22.6	10.9	14.8	0.1109
16,000	13.5	23.4	21.8	15.2	0.1748

Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Sede da Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico Facial, Av. Indianópolia, 1287, 04063-002 São Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (0xx11) 5053-7500, Fax: (0xx11) 5053-7512 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revista@aborlccf.org.br

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[1] * Corresponding author.E-mail: debora.luders@yahoo.com.br (D. Luders).

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Music students: conventional hearing thresholds and at high frequencies☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Lüders D, Gonçalves CG, Lacerda AB, Ribas Â, de Conto J. Music students: conventional hearing thresholds and at high frequencies. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;80:296-304.

INTRODUCTION:

AIM:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

Music students: conventional hearing thresholds and at high frequencies^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Lüders D, Gonçalves CG, Lacerda AB, Ribas Â, de Conto J. Music students: conventional hearing thresholds and at high frequencies. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;80:296-304.