O'Brien et al., 20042525 O'Brien LM, Mervis CB, Holbrook CR, Bruner JL, Klaus CJ, Rutherford J, et al. Neurobehavioral implications of habitual snoring in children. Pediatrics. 2004;114:44-9.
Cross-sectional |
To evaluate the association of primary snoring and neurobehavioral deficits in children. |
87 children with primary snoring and 31 healthy subjects, aged 5–7 years. |
Used the NEPSY. |
Diagnosis of Primary Snoring by PSG, considering the AI < 1; AHI < 5 and no abnormal alterations in gas exchange. |
Language showed significantly lower results for the primary snoring group when compared to the control group. |
Receptive and expressive language |
It did not perform tests to assess hearing. |
Kurnatowski et al., 20062626 Kurnatowski P, Putyński L, Lapienis M, Kowalska B. Neurocognitive abilities in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:419-24.
Cross-sectional |
To analyze neurocognitive disorders (sensory-motor coordination, perception, memory, learning, concentration, focused attention and language reception) in children with OSA due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy. |
221 children in total. 117 children with OSAS: 87 aged 6–9 years and 34 aged 10–13 years. 104 healthy children. |
Token Test (TT) – to assess the level of sensorimotor integration, perception and receptive language processes. |
Diagnosis of OSAS by PSG with AHI > 1, oxygen desaturation < 92%. |
The groups of children with OSAS had results below those found in healthy children regarding Receptive Language. |
Receptive Language |
It did not perform tests to assess hearing. |
Andreou and Agapitou, 20072727 Andreou G, Agapitou P. Reduced language abilities in adolescents who snore. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;22:225-9.
Cross-sectional |
To analyze whether OSA in childhood may be related to verbal fluency and academic performance. |
40 adolescents: 20 with OSA and 20 from the control group. Mean age: 18.41 years. |
Two standardized tests of verbal fluency in Greek, regarding the semantic and phonological aspects. |
OSA diagnosis by PSG, with AHI > 10 and/or SaO2 < 95% per event, and heart rate > 60 beats per minute. |
A difference was observed in the phonological and semantic aspects when comparing children with and without OSA. The adolescents with OSA showed worse results. |
Expressive Language |
It did not perform tests to assess hearing and cognition. |
Landau et al., 20122828 Landau YE, Bar-Yishay Greenberg-Dotan S, Goldbart AD, Tarasiuk A, Tal A. Impaired behavioral and neurocognitive function in preschool children with obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47:180-8.
Cross-sectional |
To analyze the hypothesis that behavioral and cognitive functions of preschool children with OSA are impaired when compared to healthy children. To verify whether there was improvement after adenotonsillectomy. |
45 children with OSA and 26 healthy children aged 2.5–5 years. |
The test Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) was applied. |
Diagnosis of OSA by PSG com AHI > 1. |
Before surgery, the group with OSA showed worse performance in verbal fluency, and after surgery, there was an improvement in this regard. |
Expressive language |
It did not perform tests to assess hearing. |
Liukkonen et al., 20122929 Liukkonen K, Virkkula P, Haavisto A, Suomalainen A, Aronen ET, Pitkäranta A, et al. Symptoms at presentation in children with sleep-related disorders. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76:327-33.
Cross-sectional |
To assess the association between sleep-disordered breathing and cognitive function in children. |
44 children with primary snoring and 51 healthy ones, aged 1–6 years. |
The NEPSY assessment tool (comprehension of instructions, speeded naming and body part naming). |
Diagnosis of Primary snoring by PSG, with AHI < 1. Hypopnea was defined as an airflow volume reduction of <50%, followed by awakening, oxyhemoglobin desaturation >2%. |
The group of children with primary snoring obtained the lowest scores in language functions (comprehension of instructions, speeded naming). |
Receptive and expressive language |
It did not perform tests to assess hearing. |
Yorbik et al., 20143030 Yorbik O, Mutlu C, Koc D, Mutluer T. Possible negative effects of snoring and increased sleep fragmentation on developmental status of preschool children. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2014;12:30-6.
Cross-sectional |
To investigate the effects of snoring and fragmented sleep on mental development in preschool children. |
212 children, 37 with complaints of snoring and 25 with fragmented sleep complaints, aged 3.1–6 years. |
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test was used. |
Through a questionnaire. |
Children with complaints of snoring and with fragmented sleep had lower scores on language. |
Receptive Language |
It did not perform PSG assessment and did not assess hearing. |