Ozmen et al. (2008)2626 Ozmen S, Yücel OT, Sinici I, Ozmen OA, Süslü AE, Oğretmenoğlu O, et al. Nasal pepsin assay and pH monitoring in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:890-4.
|
Case-control |
33 vs. 22 |
Waiting for nasal surgery for CRS vs. without CRS |
Pharyngeal and esophageal pH monitoring (2 channels); middle meatus suction for analysis of nasal pepsin |
Mod/2b |
Reflux that is more present in the group of CRS (88%) than in controls (55%); pepsin found in most reflux patients |
DelGaudio (2005)2727 DelGaudio JM. Direct nasopharyngeal reflux of gastric acid is a contributing factor in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:946-57.
|
Case-control |
38 vs. 10 vs. 20 |
CRS that is refractory to surgery vs. CRS solved vs. absence of CRS |
Nasal, pharyngeal and esophageal pH monitoring (3 channels) |
Mod/2b |
More reflux in refractory CRS (76%) than on the other 2 groups (24%) |
Ulualp et al. (1999)2828 Ulualp SO, Toohill RJ, Shaker R. Pharyngeal acid reflux in patients with single and multiple otolaryngologic disorders. Otolaryngol Neck Surg. 1999;121:725-30.
|
Case-control |
18 vs. 34 |
CRS that is refractory to surgery vs. absence of CRS |
Pharyngeal and esophageal pH monitoring (3 channels) |
Mod/2b |
Higher percentage of reflux in patients with CRS with laryngitis (67%) and CRS patients (33%) when compared to controls (21%) |
Ulualp et al. (1999)2929 Ulualp SO, Toohill RJ, Hoffmann R, Shaker R. Possible relationship of gastroesophagopharyngeal acid reflux with pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 1999;13:197-202.
|
Case-control |
11 vs. 11 |
CRS that is refractory to medical treatment vs. absence of CRS |
Pharyngeal and esophageal pH monitoring (3 channels) |
Mod/2b |
Higher percentage of reflux in CRS patients (64%) compared to control (18%) |
Loehrl et al. (2012)3030 Loehrl TA, Samuels TL, Poetker DM, Toohill RJ, Blumin JH, Johnston N. The role of extraesophageal reflux in medically and surgically refractory rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:1425-30.
|
Case-control |
20 vs. 5 |
CRS that is refractory to medical treatment vs. absence of CRS |
pH monitoring via dual-channel tube; nasopharyngeal biopsy (all patients) and lavage of nasal sinus for pepsin investigation (5 patients) |
Mod/2b |
LFR present in 95% of patients. Pepsin absent in nasopharyngeal biopsies but present (5/5) in lavages |
Wong et al. (2004)99 Wong IW, Omari TI, Myers JC, Rees G, Nair SB, Jamieson GG, et al. Nasopharyngeal pH monitoring in chronic sinusitis patients using a novel four channel probe. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:1582-5.
|
Cohort |
37 |
CRS that is refractory to medical treatment |
pH monitoring via 4-channel tube |
Mod/4 |
32.4% had GERD; LPR and reflux in nasopharynx was rare |
Jecker et al. (2005)3131 Jecker P, Orloff LA, Wohlfeil M, Mann WJ. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), extraesophageal reflux (EER) and recurrent chronic rhinosinusitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;263:664-7.
|
Case-control |
20 vs. 20 |
CRS that is refractory to surgery vs. absence of CRS |
pH monitoring via 2-channel tube |
Mod/2b |
GERD more present in the CRS group compared to control, but absence of LPR |
Dinis and Subtil (2006)3232 Dinis P, Subtil J. Helicobacter pylori and laryngopharyngeal reflux in chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:67-72.
|
Case-control |
15 vs. 5 |
CRS that is refractory to medical treatment vs. absence of CRS |
Analysis of nasal biopsy for pepsin and H. pylori
|
High/2b |
No intranasal pepsin was identified. No difference of H. pylori among the groups |