Reference values |
Plaza Valía et al2121 Plaza Valía P, Carrión Valero F, Marín Pardo J, Bautista Rentero D, González Monte C. [Saccharin test for the study of mucociliary clearance: reference values for a Spanish population]. Arch Bronconeumol 2008;44(10):540-545; 2008Arch Bronconeumol: 1.372 |
249 healthy nonsmokers. |
The STT mean was 17.17 ± 8.43 minutes, and the median was 16 (12–20) minutes.There was no difference between the STTs of men and women, but they were positively correlated with age. |
Special physical conditions |
Deniz et al8686 DenizM, Gultekin E, Ciftci Z, et al. Nasalmucociliary clearance in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014;28(05):178-180; 2014Am J Rhinol Allergy: 2.302 |
122 patients with mild, moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and 49 healthy subjects as control group |
Mild and moderate OSAS had SST similar to that of the control group. Severe OSAS had a slower STT. In all groups, smokers had a slower STT than nonsmokers. |
Baby et al8787 Baby MK, Muthu PK, Johnson P, Kannan S. Effect of cigarette smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance: A comparative analysis using saccharin test. Lung India 2014;31(01):39-42; 2014Lung India |
30 adult smokers and 30 adult nonsmokers. Volunteers were healthy and aged between 21 and 40 years old. |
STT was prolonged in smokers in comparison to nonsmokers. STT was also increased in subjects smokers for a longer time. |
Janic et al8888 Janic T, Niedzielska I. Mucociliary clearance impairment after zygomaticomaxillary-orbital fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013;115(06):e6-e12; 2013Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol: 1.457 |
144 patients who sustained zygomaticomaxillary-orbitalis fracture |
STT was impaired on the affected side compared with the control side. However, it did not vary regardless of age, gender, degree of injury, method of treatment, time since fracture, and duration of surgery |
Xavier et al4949 Xavier RF, Ramos D, Ito JT, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking intensity on the mucociliary clearance of active smokers. Respiration 2013;86(06):479-485; 2013Respiration: 2.615 |
24 adult nonsmokers and 75 smokers, divided into mild (n= 15), moderate (n= 34), and heavy (n= 27) smokers. |
Heavy and moderate smokers had a greater STT than mild and nonsmokers.STT correlated with the concentration of exCO and cigarettes/day. |
Special physical conditions |
Altuntas et al5050 Altuntas EE, Kaya A, Uysal IO, Cevit Ö, Içagasioglu D, Müderris S. Anterior rhinomanometry and determination of nasal mucociliary clearance time with the saccharin test in children with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J Craniofac Surg 2013;24 (03):e239-e242; 2013J Craniofac Surg: 0.686 |
20 children infected with Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever and 20 healthy children. |
There was no difference between the STTs of infected and healthy children. |
Proença et al2323 Proença M, Fagundes Xavier R, Ramos D, Cavalheri V, Pitta F, Cipulo Ramos EM. [Immediate and short termeffects of smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance in smokers]. Rev Port Pneumol 2011;17(04):172-176; 2011Rev Port Pneumol: 0.562 |
19 active smokers and 19 nonsmokers (control). |
Immediately after smoking, the STT of the smokers was similar to that of the control group.After 8 hours of smoking abstinence, the STT of the smokers was slower than that of the control group. |
Naiboglu et al2525 Naiboglu B, Deveci I, Kalaycik C, et al. Effect of nasolacrimal duct obstruction on nasal mucociliary transport. J Laryngol Otol 2010;124(02):166-170; 2010J Laryngol Otol: 0.681 |
18 adult patients with unilateral or bilateral epiphora and 20 healthy adults. |
The STT of the patients was higher than that of healthy individuals.The STT was also higher in the affected nostril compared with the contralateral. |
Kirtsreesakul et al8989 Kirtsreesakul V, Somjareonwattana P, Ruttanaphol S. The correlation between nasal symptom and mucociliary clearance in allergic rhinitis. Laryngoscope 2009;119(08):1458-1462; 2009Laryngoscope: 1.979 |
73 patients with mild intermittent allergic rhinitis (MIAR), moderate-severe intermittent allergic rhinitis (MSIAR), mild persistent allergic rhinitis (MPAR), or moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis (MSPAR). |
MSPAR had the worst STT, followed by the MSIAR, MPAR, and MIAR groups.The STT correlated with the symptoms. |
Delehaye et al3737 Delehaye E, Dore MP, Bozzo C, Mameli L, Delitala G, Meloni F. Correlation between nasal mucociliary clearance time and gastroesophageal reflux disease: our experience on 50 patients. Auris Nasus Larynx 2009;36(02):157-161; 2009Auris, Nasus, Larynx: 0.948 |
50 gastroesophageal reflux patients. |
74% of the patients, who had only typical gastroesophageal symptoms, had a higher STT than the other individuals, who also reported extraesophageal symptoms. |
Yoruk et al5353 Yoruk O, Ates O, Araz O, et al. The effects of silica exposure on upper airways and eyes in denim sandblasters. Rhinology 2008; 46(04):328-333; 2008Rhinology: 1.72 |
83 young men with silicosis and 84 apparently healthy individuals (control). |
The STT of the patients was higher than that of the control subjects. |
Boatsman et al4848 Boatsman JE, Calhoun KH, Ryan MW. Relationship between rhinosinusitis symptoms and mucociliary clearance time. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;134(03):491-493; 2006Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1.625 |
83 young men with silicosis and 84 apparently healthy individuals (control). |
The STT of the patients was higher than that of the control subjects. |
Kamani et al5656 Kamani T, Yilmaz T, Surucu S, Turan E, Brent KA. Scanning electron microscopy of ciliae and saccharine test for ciliary function in septal deviations. Laryngoscope 2006;116(04):586-590; 2006Laryngoscope: 1.979 |
20 patients with nasal septal deviation and 30 patients without septal deviation (control). |
In patients with septal deviation, the STT was higher in the opposite nostril to the deviation, and both nostrils of these patients resulted in a higher STT than that of the control group. |
Special physical conditions |
Nakagawa et al22 Nakagawa NK, FranchiniML, Driusso P, de Oliveira LR, Saldiva PH, Lorenzi-Filho G. Mucociliary clearance is impaired in acutely ill patients. Chest 2005;128(04):2772-2777; 2005Chest: 5.85 |
16 ICU patients who did not receive mechanical ventilation and had no nasogastric or enteral intubation, and 16 healthy individuals (control). |
The STT improved in the recovery period after discharge from the ICU compared with at the time of admission.In healthy subjects, the STT was not changed. |
Rosen et al4343 Rosen EJ, Calhoun KH. Alterations of nasalmucociliary clearance in association with HIV infection and the effect of guaifenesin therapy. Laryngoscope 2005;115(01):27-30; 2005Laryngoscope: 1.979 |
25 patients with HIV infection and 29 healthy controls. The patients received either placebo or guaifenesin for 3 weeks. |
The STT of the patients was higher than that of the control group. There was no difference between the STT of patients receiving guaifenesin and of those receiving placebo. |
Alho et al9090 Alho OP. Nasal airflow, mucociliary clearance, and sinus functioning during viral colds: effects of allergic rhinitis and susceptibility to recurrent sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 2004;18(06):349-355; 2004Am J Rhinol: 1.36 |
9 allergic patients, 16 with sinusitis, and 20 healthy subjects were evaluated from the 2nd to the 4th day of flu and after 3 weeks. |
The STT was higher during the flu than in convalescence. The allergic subjects tended to present the worst STT. |
Philpott et al9191 Philpott CM, Conboy P, Al-Azzawi F,Murty G. Nasal physiological changes during pregnancy. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2004;29 (04):343-351; 2004Clin. Otolaryngol Allied Sci: 1.869 |
18 pregnant women, followed-up from the 1st trimester of pregnancy until the postpartum period. |
Accelerated STT was observed in the 3rd gestational trimester compared with the1st, and also in the postpartum period compared with the 3rd trimester. |
Effects of environmental pollution |
Priscilla et al3636 Priscilla J, Padmavathi R, Ghosh S, et al. Evaluation ofmucociliary clearance among women using biomass and clean fuel in a periurban area of Chennai: A preliminary study. Lung India 2011;28(01):30-33; 2011Lung India |
30 adult women who used biomass fuel and 30 adult women who used clean fuel (control). |
STT was higher in women who used biomass fuel than in the control group. |
Ferreira Ceccato et al9292 Ferreira-Ceccato AD, Ramos EM, de Carvalho LCJ Jr, et al. Short-term effectsofair pollutionfrombiomassburninginmucociliaryclearance of Brazilian sugarcane cutters. Respir Med 2011;105(11):1766-1768; 2011Respir Med: 2.585 |
45 young sugarcane cutters, of whom 33 were nonsmokers and 12 were light smokers. |
The STT was similar between smokers and nonsmokers and decreased at the end of the first day of harvest in both groups. |
Cinar et al9393 Cinar F, Beder L. Nasal mucociliary clearance in coal mine workers. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130(06):767-769; 2004Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1.625 |
39 coal mine workers exposed to dust, and 38 control subjects. |
The STT in workers exposed to coal was higher than in control subjects. |
Effects of drug interventions |
Oysu et al9494 Oysu C, Tosun A, Yilmaz HB, Sahin-Yilmaz A, Korkmaz D, Karaaslan A. Topical Nigella Sativa for nasal symptoms in elderly. Auris Nasus Larynx 2014;41(03):269-272; 2014Auris Nasus Larynx: 0.948 |
42 geriatric patients with nasal symptoms received either 2 weeks of isotonic sodium chloride solution (ISCS) followed by 2 weeks of N. sativa oil (NG oil), or the same treatment in the inverse order |
There was no change in mucociliary clearance during any of the treatment periods. |
Gelardi et al9595 Gelardi M, Guglielmi AV, De Candia N, Maffezzoni E, Berardi P, Quaranta N. Effect of sodium hyaluronate on mucociliary clearance after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;45(03):103-108; 2013Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol |
36 patients with nasal polyposis received intranasal sodium hyaluronate 9 mg twice daily or saline solution for 30 days after endoscopic sinus surgery |
Patients receiving sodium hyaluronate had faster STTs at 1 month compared with controls. |
Riechelmann et al9696 Riechelmann H, Rettinger G, Weschta M, Keck T, Deutschle T. Effects of low-toxicity particulate matter on human nasal function. J Occup Environ Med 2003;45(01):54-60; 2003J Occup Environ Med: 1.845 |
32 healthy volunteers exposed to 0 (control), 500, 1,000, and 5,000 μg/m3 of calcium carbonate powder for 3 hours. |
There was a dose-dependent acceleration in the STT after exposure to dust concentrations and a slowing in the control situation. |
Bencova et al9797 Bencova A, Vidan J, Rozborilova E, Kocan I. The impact of hypertonic saline inhalation on mucociliary clearance and nasal nitric oxide. J Physiol Pharmacol 2012;63(03):309-313; 2012J Phisiol Pharmacol: 2.476 |
43 healthy young men made use of inhaled hypertonic saline solution. |
The STT decreased 30 minutes after inhalation of the solution.There was no correlation between STT and nasal nitric oxide. |
Bilgi et al3131 Bilgi M, Goksu S,Mizrak A, et al. Comparison of the effects of lowflow and high-flow inhalational anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and desflurane on mucociliary activity and pulmonary function tests. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011;28(04):279-283; 2011Eur J Anaesthesiol: 2.792 |
50 adult patients were divided into two groups; one received low flow inhalational anesthesia, and the other, high flow. |
The STT in the immediate postoperative period in both groups was higher than before the intervention.The increase in STT of the high flow group was higher than in the low flow group. |
Isaacs et al4242 Isaacs S, Fakhri S, Luong A, Whited C, Citardi MJ. The effect of dilute baby shampoo on nasal mucociliary clearance in healthy subjects. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011;25(01):e27-e29; 2011Am J Rhinol Allergy: 2.302 |
27 healthy adults who received nasal irrigation with 50 ml of 1% baby shampoo. |
The STT was higher 15 minutes after the administration of the solution when compared with preadministration. |
Effects of drug interventions |
Cingi et al9898 Cingi C, Unlu HH, Songu M, et al. Seawater gel in allergic rhinitis: entrapment effect and mucociliary clearance compared with saline. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2010;4(01):13-18; 2010Ther Adv Respir Dis. |
100 adult patients with allergic rhinitis, who used sea water and saline solution spray. |
The STT decreased by 12% with the use of sea water and by 4% with saline solution. |
Gorpelioglu et al4040 Gorpelioglu C, Ozol D, Sarifakioglu E. Influence of isotretinoin on nasal mucociliary clearance and lung function in patients with acne vulgaris. Int J Dermatol 2010;49(01):87-90; 2010Int J Dermatol: 1.342 |
40 young patients with acne vulgaris received oral isotretinoin for at least 3 months. |
After 3 months of treatment, the STT of the patients increased. The STT correlated with the dosage of the medication. |
Fooanant et al9999 Fooanant S, Chaiyasate S, Roongrotwattanasiri K. Comparison on the efficacy of dexpanthenol in sea water and saline in postoperative endoscopic sinus surgery. J Med Assoc Thai 2008;91 (10):1558-1563; 2008J Med Assoc Thai. |
110 patients with rhinosinusitis undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery, half of which received dexpanthenol in sea water spray, and the other half, saline solution spray. |
The STT improved in both groups after 12 weeks of surgery, but there was a greater magnitude in the group using dexpanthenol. |
Kesimci et al3232 Kesimci E, Bercin S, Kutluhan A, Ural A, Yamanturk B, Kanbak O. Volatile anesthetics and mucociliary clearance. Minerva Anestesiol 2008;74(04):107-111; 2008Minerva anestesiol: 2.818 |
60 patients undergoing neck or ear surgery, of which 20 received the anesthetic sevoflurane, 20 isoflurane, and 20 desflurane. |
There was no difference in STTs before and after the use of each type of anesthesia, or among the three anesthetics. |
Unsal et al100100 Unsal Tuna EE, Ozbek C, Koç C, Ozdem C. Evaluation of nasal symptoms and mucociliary function in patients with allergic rhinitis treated with chemosurgery using trichloroacetic acid. Am J Otolaryngol 2008;29(01):37-41; 2008Am J Otolaryngol: 1.228 |
54 patients with persistent allergic rhinitis who underwent chemosurgery with trichloroacetic acid. |
The STT decreased 1 month and 1 year after surgery, when compared with presurgery. |
Zhang et al3838 Zhang L, Han D, Song X,Wang K,Wang H. Effect of oxymetazoline on healthy human nasal ciliary beat frequency measured with high-speed digital microscopy and mucociliary transport time. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2008;117(02):127-133; 2008An Otol, Rhinol Laryngol: 1.05 |
29 healthy subjects received application of oxymetazoline spray. |
The STT of the evaluated subjects increased after 30 minutes of the application of 2 sprays of oxymetazoline. |
Kim et al101101 Kim ST, Gang IG, Cha HE, Ha JS, Chung YS. Effect of mitomycin C on the size of antrostomy after endoscopic sinus surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2006;115(09):673-678; 2006Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol: 1.05 |
20 patients with chronic sinusitis underwent endoscopic sinus surgery, and an antibiotic was administered in one nostril, and in the other, saline solution. |
The STT decreased in all evaluations (1, 3, and 6 months) compared with the time immediately after surgery, with no difference between the nostrils. |
Effects of drug interventions |
Saieed et al102102 Saieed WN, Alpachachi IA, Almashhadani WM. The effect of montelukast on nasal mucociliary clearance. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46(05):588-590; 2006J Clin Pharmacol: 2.841 |
24 subjects received a single dose of montelukast (5 mg), and 24 subjects received placebo. |
There was a decrease in STT after the administration of montelukast compared with placebo. |
Cmejrek et al4747 Cmejrek RC, Gutman MT, Torres AJ, Keen KJ, Houser SM. The effect of injection immunotherapy on mucociliary clearance in allergic patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;133(01):9-15; 2005Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1.625 |
42 allergic patients treated with immunotherapy for 1 year. Of them, 23 repeated the assessment at the end of the treatment. |
The STT of the allergic patients was higher than that of controls described in the literature. After 1 year of immunotherapy, there was improvement in the STT in the evaluated patients. |
Riechelmann et al103103 Riechelmann H, Deutschle T, Stuhlmiller A, Gronau S, Bürner H. Nasal toxicity of benzalkonium chloride. Am J Rhinol 2004;18 (05):291-299; 2004Am J Rhinol: 1.36 |
16 healthy individuals subjected to the use of benzalkonium chloride for 8 days. |
There was no change in the STT of the evaluated individuals. |
Effects of surgical interventions |
Yazici et al104104 Yazici H, Soy FK, Kulduk E, et al. Comparison of nasal mucociliary clearance inadenoidhypertrophywithorwithoutotitismediawith effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014;78(07):1143-1146; 2014Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol: 1.350 |
33 children with adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and 31 with AH and otitis media with effusion (AHOME) undergoing surgical procedure |
The STT improved in all patients after surgery. Patients with AHOME had slower pre- and postoperative STTs.Exposure to cigarette smoke and adenoid size had a negative correlation with STT. |
Ozkul et al105105 Ozkul HM, Balikci HH, Karakas M, Bayram O, Bayram AA, Kara N. Repair of symptomatic nasoseptal perforations using mucosal regeneration technique with interpositional grafts. J Craniofac Surg 2014;25(01):98-102; 2014J Craniofac Surg: 1.252 |
23 patients with symptomatic nasoseptal perforations, treated using the mucosal regeneration technique. |
STT improved at 3 and 6 postoperative months in comparison with the preoperative evaluation |
Parida et al106106 Parida PK, Surianarayanan G, Alexander A, Saxena SK, Santhosh K. Diode laser turbinate reduction in the treatment ofsymptomatic inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;65(Suppl 2):350-355; 2013Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 0.054 |
45 patients with symptomatic inferior turbinate hypertrophy undergoing diode laser turbinate reduction |
There was prolongation of STT after the intervention. However, it returned to preoperative values after 6 months. |
Effects of surgical interventions |
Alobid et al3535 Alobid I, Enseñat J, Mariño-Sánchez F, et al. Impairment of olfaction and mucociliary clearance after expanded endonasal approach using vascularized septal flap reconstruction for skull base tumors. Neurosurgery 2013;72(04):540-546; 2013Neurosurgery: 2.532 |
36 patients with pituitary adenoma who underwent the transnasal trans-sphenoidal endoscopic approach, and 14 patients with other benign tumors undergoing the expanded endonasal approach. |
Both groups showed a higher STT after surgery compared with baseline. In addition, patients submitted to the expanded endonasal approach showed a slower STT than the other group. |
Arnaoutakis et al2424 Arnaoutakis D, Collins WO. Correlation of mucociliary clearance and symptomatology before and after adenoidectomy in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011;75(10):1318-1321; 2011Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol: 1.350 |
10 children with adenoid hypertrophy, chronic adenoiditis, and/or chronic rhinosinusitis undergoing adenoidectomy. |
After 1 month of surgery, STT decreased compared with at the preoperative time. |
Miwa et al107107 Miwa M, Miwa M, Watanabe K. Changes in intramaxillary sinus pressure following antrostomy, draining tubes, and YAMIK procedures in 25 patients treated for chronic paranasal sinusitis. Ear Nose Throat J 2011;90(08):368-381; 2011Ear Nose Throat J: 0.66 |
25 patients with chronic sinusitis, 10 of whom underwent maxillary sinus counteropening via extranasal approaches; 8 underwent enlargement of the maxillary sinus natural by intranasal endoscopic surgery; 4 received an indwelling maxillary sinus tube, and 3 received a Yamik catheter. |
STT was similar between groups prior to the intervention. The STT decreased in all patients who underwent deobstruction and enlargement. In the group receiving the indwelling tube, the STT increased, and there was a decrease in STT in the catheter group. |
Yigit et al108108 Yigit O, Kirgezen T, Taskin U, Yener M. Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy appears to impair nasal mucociliary clearance. Ear Nose Throat J 2011;90(09):E23-E27; 2011Ear Nose Throat J: 0.66 |
50 adult patients undergoing endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. |
Prior to surgery, the STT of both nostrils were similar. One and 3 months after surgery, the operated nostril showed a higher STT when compared with the contralateral nostril. |
Okuyuku et al4444 Okuyucu S, Akoglu E, Oksuz H, Gorur H, Dagli S. The effect of dacryocystorhinostomy on mucociliary function. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009;140(04):585-588; 2009Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1.625 |
22 patients who underwent unilateral endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and 22 who underwent an external approach. |
The procedures resulted in STT increase in the nostril subjected to intervention compared with the contralateral, and there was no difference between the protocols. |
Effects of surgical interventions |
Chen et al109109 Chen YL, Tan CT, Huang HM. Long-term efficacy of microdebriderassisted inferior turbinoplasty with lateralization forhypertrophic inferior turbinates in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Laryngoscope 2008;118(07):1270-1274; 2008Laryngoscope: 1.979 |
160 patients with allergic rhinitis, of whom 80 underwent submucosal resection of the inferior turbinate, and 80 who underwent assisted inferior turbinoplasty. The control group comprised 10 individuals without respiratory complaints. |
Prior to the interventions, the rhinitis groups had worse STTs than the control group. One year after the surgery, there was a decrease in STT, which was maintained for up to 3 years in both groups. |
Hu et al110110 Hu KH, Tan CT, Lin KN, Cheng YJ, Huang HM. Effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on irradiation-induced rhinosinusitis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;139(04):575-579; 2008J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1.625 |
21 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma undergoing endoscopic surgery and 5 control subjects. |
Control subjects showed lower STTs than the pre- and postoperative values in the case group. However, 1 year after the surgery, there was improvement in the STTs of the patients. |
Sakthikumar et al111111 Sakthikumar KR, Ravikumar A, Mohanty S, Senthil K, Somu L, Kuruvilla S. Functional study of nasal mucosa in endoscopic sinus surgery and its correlation to electron microscopy of cilia. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;60(01):1-6; 2008Indian J Otolarygol Head Neck Surg: 0.054 |
20 patients with chronic sinusitis underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery. |
There was a decrease in STT 6 weeks after the surgery, when compared with the presurgery evaluation. |
Chen et al112112 Chen YL, LiuCM,HuangHM. Comparisonofmicrodebrider-assisted inferior turbinoplasty and submucosal resection for children with hypertrophic inferior turbinates. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007;71(06):921-927; 2007Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol: 1.350 |
120 children with chronic nasal obstruction. 60 underwent submucosal resection (SR), and 60 underwent microdebrider-assisted inferior turbinoplasty (MAIT), and, for control, 10 children without respiratory discomfort. |
Before surgery, the STT of the children with nasal obstruction was higher than that of the control group.One week after the SR, there was an increase in STT, followed by a decrease 1 month after the surgery. The MAIT group presented no changes in STT at any of the evaluated moments. |
Clayman et al113113 ClaymanMA, Clayman LZ. Twenty year follow-up of ciliary mobility after bilateral inferior turbinectomy for allergic rhinitis using saccharin. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;134(04):703-704; 2006Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1.625 |
5 patients with allergic rhinitis undergoing inferior turbinectomy. |
The STT mean, performed after 22.6 years of intervention, was 11.8 minutes. |
Effects of surgical interventions |
Deniz et al4141 Deniz M, Uslu C, Ogredik EA, Akduman D, Gursan SO. Nasal mucociliary clearance in total laryngectomized patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2006;263(12):1099-1104; 2006Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol: 1.458 |
39 patients underwent total laryngectomy, divided by time since the operation (more or less than 2 years) and also with associated conditions such as diabetes mellitus and smoking. The control group consisted of 36 healthy individuals. |
The STT of individuals who had < 2 years since the surgery was lower than that of the control group. However, patients with > 2 years since the laryngectomy had higher STTs.Diabetic subjects, as well as smokers, presented higher STTs than healthy subjects, both in the surgery and control groups. |
Huang et al114114 Huang HM, Cheng JJ, Liu CM, Lin KN. Mucosal healing and mucociliary transport change after endoscopic sinus surgery in children with chronic maxillary sinusitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006;70(08):1361-1367; 2006Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol: 1.350 |
25 children with edematous and polypoid sinusitis undergoing endoscopic surgery, and 5 controls without sinusitis, undergoing adenoidectomy. |
There was improvement in the STT after surgery in children with both types of sinusitis, and the group of edematous sinusitis became similar to the control group. |
Unal et al4646 Unal M, Oz O, Adigüzel U, Vayisoglu Y, Vatansever H, Görür K. Mucociliary clearance after external dacryocystorhinostomy. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2004;29(03):264-265; 2004Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci: 1.869 |
17 patients undergoing dacryocystorhinostomy. |
Three months after the surgery, the operated nostril showed a worse STT compared with the side that had no obstruction. |
Other interventions |
Bhardwaj et al115115 Bhardwaj A, Sharma MK, Gupta M. Endoscopic evaluation of therapeutic effects of "Anuloma-Viloma Pranayama" in Pratishyayaw. s.r. tomucociliary clearancemechanismand Bernoulli's principle. Ayu 2013;34(04):361-367; 2013AYU |
40 patients with rhinosinusitis practiced alternate nostril breathing exercise for 40 days, 30 minutes daily, for 2 months |
There was a reduction in the STT at the end of the intervention period. |
Develioglu et al5151 Develioglu ON, Sirazi S, TopakM, Purisa S, Kulekci M. Differences in Mucociliary activity of volunteers undergoing Ramadan versus Nineveh fasting. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013;270 (05):1655-1659; 2013Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol: 1.458 |
40 adults underwent Ramadan (fasting on average 15 hours per day for 29 days), and 26 adults underwent Nineveh (60 uninterrupted hours of fasting). |
Individuals who underwent Nineveh had slower STTs at the end of fasting than after 4 weeks of normal diet. There was no difference in the STT of the Ramadan group, or between groups. |
Other interventions |
Oozawa et al1212 Oozawa H, Kimura H, Noda T, Hamada K, Morimoto T, Majima Y. Effect of prehydration on nasal mucociliary clearance in low relative humidity. Auris Nasus Larynx 2012;39(01):48-52; 2012Auris Nasus Larynx: 0.948 |
14 healthy men were exposed to low relative humidity (RH) for 4 hours with prehydration with water, carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage (CE), and without prehydration (control). |
The STT increased less in the CE group after 2 hours compared with the low RH exposure group. Control and hydrated with water groups were not different. After 4 hours of low RH, the 3 groups presented similar increases in STT. |
Parida et al116116 Parida PK, Santhosh K, Ganesan S, Surianarayanan G, Saxena SK. The efficacy of radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction of hypertrophied inferior turbinate in allergic rhinitis. Indian J Med Sci 2011;65(07):269-277; 2011Indian J Med Sci: 1.67 |
50 patients with allergic rhinitis and permanent nasal obstruction undergoing tissue volume reduction by radiofrequency. |
The STT did not change significantly between preintervention and 1, 3, and 6 months postintervention, except 1 week after the intervention. |
Ramos et al3434 RamosEM, De Toledo AC, Xavier RF, et al. Reversibility of impaired nasal mucociliary clearance in smokers following a smoking cessation programme. Respirology 2011;16(05):849-855; 2011Respirology: 2.781 |
33 smokers enrolled in a smoking cessation program, and 33 nonsmokers (control). |
Before quitting smoking, smokers showed higher STTs than controls. After 15 days of smoking abstinence, the STT decreased to normal levels and remained at these levels after 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 days of abstinence. |
Gupta et al117117 Gupta SC, Chandra S, Singh M. Effects of irradiation on nasal mucociliary clearance in head and neck cancer patients. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;58(01):46-50; 2006Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 0.054 |
50 patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy, and 20 healthy subjects who received no irradiation. |
Before starting the radiation therapy, the STTs of the patients were similar to those of the control subjects. However, 6 months after the end of the treatment, the STT of the case group was impaired. |
de Oliveira et al3333 de Oliveira LR, Albertini Yagi CS, Figueiredo AC, Saldiva PH, Lorenzi-Filho G. Short-term effects of nCPAP on nasal mucociliary clearance and mucus transportability in healthy subjects. Respir Med 2006;100(01):183-185; 2006Respir Med: 2.585 |
11 healthy subjects underwent 20 minutes of CPAP, and 5 controls, evaluated after 20 minutes of rest. |
The STT decreased immediately after the use of CPAP and did not change in the control group. |
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Kamel et al118118 Kamel R, Al-Badawy S, Khairy A, Kandil T, Sabry A. Nasal and paranasal sinus changes after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol 2004;124(04):532-535; 2004Acta Otolaryngol: 1.106 |
32 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma undergoing radiotherapy. |
There was an increase in STT after radiotherapy. |