EFFECT OF DIETARY ENERGY AND WEANING WEIGHT ON NITROGEN BALANCE AND ENERGY METABOLIZABILITY OF PIGLETS

Vieira, Marcia de Souza; Somensi, Marcelo Luiz; Batista, Anna Mikaela; Domingues, Victoria Yasmin

doi:10.1590/1809-6891v19e-49548

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ZOOTECNIA • Ciênc. anim. bras. 19 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v19e-49548 copy

EFFECT OF DIETARY ENERGY AND WEANING WEIGHT ON NITROGEN BALANCE AND ENERGY METABOLIZABILITY OF PIGLETS

EFEITO DA ENERGIA DA DIETA E DO PESO AO DESMAME SOBRE O BALANÇO DE NITROGÊNIO E METABOLIZABILIDADE DA ENERGIA DE LEITÕES

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary metabolizable energy (ME; 3.40, 3.60, or 3.80 Mcal/kg) and weaning weight (WW; 4.5 ± 0.4 and 6.7 ± 0.5 kg) on nitrogen balance (NB) and gross energy metabolizability in weanling piglets. In total, 32 barrow piglets were individually housed in metabolic cages for 28 d in a 2x3 factorial arrangement with five barrows per treatment. Only light and 3.80 ME and heavy and 3.40 ME/kg treatments had six barrows per treatment each. The diets were formulated to maintain a constant nutrient to ME ratio. Nitrogen balance was evaluated in three periods through total collection of feces and urine. Heavy piglets had 14% greater N intake, absorption, and retention in starter and total periods (P<0.05). The increasing in the levels of dietary ME linearly augmented N intake, absorption, and retention during starter and total periods (P<0.05). The dietary ME levels linearly increased energy metabolizability in all periods (P<0.05). In conclusion, heavy weaned piglets had better efficiency in nitrogen retention. Besides, increasing dietary ME levels can improve the N retention and the metabolizability of dietary energy.

Keywords:
energy metabolism; light piglet; retained nitrogen

Item	Phase I¹ 1 Phase I (0 to 14 d). Phase II (15 to 28 d)			Phase II¹ 1 Phase I (0 to 14 d). Phase II (15 to 28 d)
Item	3.40	3.60	3.80	3.40	3.60	3.80
Ingredient, %
Corn	35.32	31.20	27.07	35.12	36.69	38.24
Soybean meal	18.00	19.50	21.00	22.00	22.15	22.30
Soybean oil	0.73	3.12	5.50	2.93	3.96	5.00
Milk whey	15.86	14.81	13.76	10.96	7.29	3.63
Sugar	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00
Swine plasma	4.00	4.25	4.50	1.00	1.00	1.00
Com gluten, 64% CP	3.57	4.39	5.20	6.20	6.60	7.00
Powdered whole milk	6.06	9.97	13.88	0.00	7.94	15.87
Full-fat rice bran	10.00	6.23	2.46	15.00	7.50	0.00
Dicalcium phosphate	0.98	1.10	1.22	1.04	1.12	1.20
Limestone	0.95	0.94	0.92	1.15	1.13	1.11
Salt	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.24	0.24	0.25
Vitamin premix² 2 Added per kilogram of diet (Phase I): vitamin A, 14,400 IU; vitamin D3, 2,700 IU; vitamin E, 32.40 mg; vitamin K, 3.60 mg; vitamin Bl, 2.88 mg; vitamin B2, 9.18 mg; vitamin B6, 2.79 mg; vitamin B12, 34.20 mg; pantothenic acid, 23.40 mg; niacin, 46.80 mg; folic acid, 0.81 mg; and biotin, 162 µg. Added per kilogram of diet (Phase II): vitamin A, 11,280 IU; vitamin D3, 2,400 IU; vitamin E, 28.80 mg; vitamin K, 3.20 mg; vitamin Bl, 2.56 mg; vitamin B2, 8.16 mg; vitamin B6, 2.48 mg; vitamin B12, 30.4 mg; pantothenic acid, 20.80 mg; niacin, 41.60 mg; folie acid, 0.72 mg; and biotin, 144 µg.	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.05
Mineral premix³ 3 Added per kilogram of diet (Phase I): Se, 0.48 mg; I, 0.56 mg; Fe, 64.0 mg; Cu, 12.80 mg; Zn, 128.0 mg; and Mn, 48.0 mg. Added per kilogram of diet (Phase II): Se, 0.42 mg; I, 0.49 mg; Fe, 56.0 mg; Cu, 11.20 mg; Zn, 112.0 mg; and Mn, 42.0 mg.	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.07	0.07
DL-Met	0.14	0.15	0.15	0.14	0.16	0.17
L-Lys.HCL	0.42	0.40	0.38	0.57	0.57	0.57
L-Thr	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.13	0.13	0.13
L-Trp	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.04
Zinc oxide	0.27	0.27	0.27	0.00	0.00	0.00
Copper sulfate	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.03
Acidifier⁴ 4 Ultracid Plus (14.4 mg/kg, INVE Technologies, Dendermonde, Belgium).	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.30	0.30	0.30
Halquinol, 60%⁵ 5 120 mg/kg (Novartis, Barueri, São Paulo, Brazil).	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
Ethoxyquin⁶ 6 66 mg/kg (Novus Int., Mississauga, ON, Canada).	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
Calculated composition
Metabolizable energy, Mcal/kg	3.40	3.60	3.80	3.40	3.60	3.80
Crude protein, %	21.00	22.50	24.00	21.00	22.15	23.30
Fat, %	5.78	8.46	11.15	7.25	9.18	11.12
Calcium, %	0.82	0.87	0.92	0.83	0.88	0.93
Dig Phosphorus, %	0.49	0.52	0.55	0.45	0.48	0.51
Ca:P	1.67	1.67	1.67	1.84	1.83	1.83
Dig Lys, %	1.41	1.49	1.58	1.33	1.41	1.49
Lactose, %	14.00	14.80	15.60	8.00	8.50	9.00
Lys:ME, g/Mcal	4.14	4.14	4.14	3.91	3.91	3.91
Analyzed composition
Metabolizable energy, Mcal/kg	3.46	3.60	3.79	3.47	3.58	3.83

Item	ME, Mcal/kg				WW, kg			P-value
Item	3.40	3.60	3.80	SEM² 2 Pooled SEM	6.7	4.5	SEM	ME	WW
Piglets, n	11	10	11	-	16	16	-	-	-
Pre starter, 1 a 14 d
N intake, g/d	19.14	18.30	19,81	1.26	20.30	17.87	1.29	0.403	0.072
N feces, g/d	3.24	2.78	2.87	0.22	3.17	2.75	0.23	0.307	0.278
N urine, g/d	1.71	2.04	2.05	0.22	1.97	1.89	0.23	0.472	0.837
N absorbed, g/d	15.90	15.52	16.94	0.68	17.13	15.11	0.69	0.329	0.090
N retained, g/d	14.19	13.49	14.89	0.70	15.16	13.22	0.71	0.389	0.113
N ret/abs	0.89	0.87	0.88	0.01	0.88	0.88	0.01	0.428	0.785
Coef. ME³ 3 Linear effect , %	90.14	90.60	91.69	0.36	90.88	90.74	0.37	0.016	0.816
Starter (15 a 28 d)
N intake³ 3 Linear effect , g/d	25.28	30.26	29.62	1.28	30.65	26.12	1.28	0.021	0.048
N feces, g/d	3.21	3.13	2.40	0.32	3.09	2.73	0.32	0.152	0.506
N urine, g/d	3.85	4.83	4.50	0.42	4.88	3.91	0.43	0.268	0.188
N absorbed³ 3 Linear effect , g/d	22.07	27.12	27.22	1.06	27.56	23.38	1.08	0.002	0.029
N retained³ 3 Linear effect , g/d	18.22	22.29	22.72	0.97	22.68	19.47	0.99	0.004	0.062
N ret/abs	0.82	0.82	0.83	0.01	0.82	0.83	0.02	0.838	0.676
Coef ME³ 3 Linear effect , %	87.40	87.97	90.93	0.45	88.93	88.60	0.47	0.000	0.671
Total period, 1 a 28 d
N intake³ 3 Linear effect , g/d	23.24	26.27	26.35	0.99	27.20	23.37	1.01	0.052	0.030
N feces, g/d	3.22	3.01	2.56	0.27	3.12	2.74	0.28	0.214	0.415
N urine, g/d	3.14	3.90	3.69	0.31	3.91	3.24	0.32	0.224	0.216
N absorbed³ 3 Linear effect , g/d	20.01	23.26	23.79	0.79	24.08	20.63	0.81	0.004	0.017
N retained³ 3 Linear effect , g/d	16.88	19.36	20.11	0.72	20.17	17.39	0.73	0.008	0.031
N ret/abs	0.84	0.85	0.84	0.01	0.84	0.85	0.01	0.787	0.899
Coef ME³ 3 Linear effect , %	88.77	89.28	91.31	0.26	89.91	89.67	0.27	0.000	0.600

Item	Weaning weight		Metabolizable energy
Item	Coefficient	P-value	Coefficient	P-value
N intake	0.613	0.000	0.304	0.090
N feces	0.312	0.082	-0.320	0.074
N urine	0.333	0.062	0.213	0.242
N absorbed	0.615	0.000	0.403	0.022
N retained	0.611	0.000	0.401	0.023
N ret/abs	-0.009	0.960	0.046	0.803
Metabolizability of energy	-0.015	0.932	0.764	0.000

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[1] *Corresponding author - msvzootec@yahoo.com.br