Relationship between adiposity and heart rate recovery following an exercise stress test in obese older women

Silva, Cristiane Rocha da; Saraiva, Bruno; Nascimento, Dahan Cunha; Bicalho, Luana Claudia Dias; Tibana, Ramires Alsamir; Willardson, Jeffrey M.; Prestes, Jonato; Pereira, Guilherme Borges

doi:10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n5p554

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Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano

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Original Article • Rev. bras. cineantropom. desempenho hum 19 (5) • Sep-Oct 2017 • https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n5p554 copy

Relationship between adiposity and heart rate recovery following an exercise stress test in obese older women

Relação entre a adiposidade e a recuperação da frequência cardíaca após teste de esforço em mulheres idosas obesas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to compare differences in heart rate (HR) response during and following exercise in obese older women with different percent body fat levels. Ninety older, obese women aged 60-87 years participated in the study, were categorized, and enrolled to one of two groups based on a lower percent body fat (LPBF ≤ 41.10 %) or higher percent body fat (HPBF > 41.10 %) as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The peak HR during exercise and in the first and second minutes of recovery period were compared between groups. The HPBF group presented a lower peak HR during exercise (p =.001) and an impaired HR recovery (p =.001) when compared to LPBF group. The present study demonstrated that older women who were in exceedingly obese level have an impaired heart rate response during exercise and in the recovery period, indicating possible autonomic dysfunction.

Key words
Aging; Obesity; Heart rate

	LPBF (n = 45)		HPBF (n = 45)		X²
Disease	Yes	No	Yes	No
Essential hypertension	32 (71.1)	13 (28.9)	34 (75.6)	11 (24.4)	0.634
Diabetes mellitus type 2	16 (35.6)	29 (64.4)	22 (48.9)	23 (51.1)	0.270
Medications
Angiotensin receptor blockers	16 (35.6)	29 (64.4)	22 (48.9)	23 (51.1)	0.200
Diuretics	20 (44.4)	25 (55.6)	18 (40.0)	27 (60.0)	0.670
β-blockers	6 (13.3)	39 (86.7)	9 (20.0)	36 (80.0)	0.396
Calcium channel antagonists	6 (13.3)	39 (86.7)	4 (8.9)	41 (91.1)	0.502
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibiters	9 (20.0)	36 (80.0)	7 (15.6)	38 (84.4)	0.581
Statins	17 (37.8)	28 (62.2)	8 (17.8)	37 (82.2)	0.034^* * Statistically significant, X2 = qui-square.
Hypoglycemic Medications	10 (22.2)	35 (77.8)	6 (13.3)	39 (86.7)	0.270
Chronotropic evaluation
Chronotropic incompetence	11 (24.4)	34 (75.6)	20 (44.4)	25 (55.6)	0.046^* * Statistically significant, X2 = qui-square.
Chronotropic index	9 (20.0)	36 (80.0)	22 (48.9)	23 (51.1)	0.004^* * Statistically significant, X2 = qui-square.

Anthropometrics	LPBF (n = 45)	HPBF (n = 45)	P
	Mean (S.D.)	Mean (S.D.)
Age, years	69.67 ± 6.11 (67.83 - 71.50)	66.60 ± 5.58 (64.92 - 68.28)^* * P < 0.05 low body fat group vs. high body fat group.	0.015
Height, m	1.54 ± 0.05 (1.52 - 1.55)	1.54 ± 0.07 (1.51 - 1.56)	0.851
BMI, kg/m²	26.12 ± 3.18 (25.16 - 27.08)	31.53 ± 3.72 (30.42 - 32.65)^* * P < 0.05 low body fat group vs. high body fat group.	0.001
Body fat, %	34.73 ± 3.97 (33.54 - 35.93)	44.92 ± 2.82 (44.07 - 45.76)^* * P < 0.05 low body fat group vs. high body fat group.	0.001
Functional Capacity
MET/h per week	8.89 ± 6.38 (6.98 - 10.81)	8.90 ± 6.75 (6.87 - 10.93)	0.995
Exercise test variables
Treadmill exercise time, minute	8.05 ± 2.15 (7.40 -8.69)	7.03 ± 1.85 (6.47 -7.59)^* * P < 0.05 low body fat group vs. high body fat group.	0.019
Peak O₂ consumption, ml/kg	19.39 ± 2.71 (18.55 - 20.23)	17.07 ± 2.92 (16.19 - 17.96)^* * P < 0.05 low body fat group vs. high body fat group.	0.001
Chronotropic index	0.97 ± 0.21 (0.90 - 1.03)	0.84 ± 0.20 (0.78 - 0.90)^* * P < 0.05 low body fat group vs. high body fat group.	0.005
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	127.03 ± 18.13 (121.58 - 132.48)	125.58 ± 11.65 (122.08 - 129.08)	0.652
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	73.25 ± 9.58 (70.37 - 76.13)	72.73 ± 9.03 (69.76 - 74.56)	0.557
Basal heart rate, bpm	75.42 ± 11.78 (71.88 - 78.96)	72.73 ± 9.03 (70.01 - 75.44)	0.228
Peak heart rate, bpm	146.36 ± 14.91 (141.87 - 150.84)	139.09 ± 18.05 (133.66 - 144.51)^* * P < 0.05 low body fat group vs. high body fat group.	0.040
1 minute relative HRR, bpm	25.24 ± 10.31 (22.15 - 28.34)	18.84 ± 7.70 (16.53 - 21.16)^* * P < 0.05 low body fat group vs. high body fat group.	0.001
2 minute relative HRR, bpm	35.71 ± 11.80 (32.03 - 39.39)	29.62 ± 9.73 (26.38 - 32.87)^* * P < 0.05 low body fat group vs. high body fat group.	0.015
MET	17.09 ± 3.76 (15.96 - 18.22)	15.31 ± 3.25 (14.33 - 16.29)^* * P < 0.05 low body fat group vs. high body fat group.	0.019

	1 minute HRR
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
Variable	B^‡ ‡ = unstandardized beta,	B^† † = standardized beta, HHR = heart rate recovery.	95% CI for B	B^‡ ‡ = unstandardized beta,	B^† † = standardized beta, HHR = heart rate recovery.	95% CI for B	B^‡ ‡ = unstandardized beta,	B^† † = standardized beta, HHR = heart rate recovery.	95% CI for B
Constant	42.21^* * P < 0.05,			24.37^* * P < 0.05,			58.73^* * P < 0.05,
Percent body fat	- 0.50^* * P < 0.05,	- 0.32	- 0.81 - - 0.19	- 0.37^* * P < 0.05,	- 0.24	- 0.69 - - 0.06	- 0.50^* * P < 0.05,	- 0.32	- 0.82 - - 0.18
MET				0.78^* * P < 0.05,	0.29	2.52 - 1.31	0.61^* * P < 0.05,	0.23	0.07 - 1.15
Age							- 0.39^* * P < 0.05,	- 0.24	- 0.71 - - 0.07
R²	0.10^* * P < 0.05,			0.18^* * P < 0.05,			0.23^* * P < 0.05,
F	10.38^* * P < 0.05,			9.92^* * P < 0.05,			8.96^* * P < 0.05,
ΔR²	0.10			0.08			0.05
ΔF	10.38			8.57			5.90

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[1] Cristiane Rocha da Silva, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, QS 7, lote 1, Bloco G, Aguas Claras, Taguatinga, CEP: 71966-700, Brasilia (DF), Brasil. E-mail: cris.edf90@gmail.com.