ACTIVATED CARBON FROM BAMBOO (<i>Bambusa vulgaris</i>) FOR METHYLENE BLUE REMOVAL: PREDICTION TO THE ENVIRONMENT APPLICATIONS

Santana, Gregório Mateus; Lelis, Roberto Carlos Costa; Paes, Juarez Benigno; Morais, Rayssa de Medeiros; Lopes, Cláudio Rocha; Lima, Carlos Roberto de

doi:10.5902/1980509833395

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Artigos • Ciênc. Florest. 28 (03) • Jul-Sep 2018 • https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509833395 copy

ACTIVATED CARBON FROM BAMBOO (Bambusa vulgaris) FOR METHYLENE BLUE REMOVAL: PREDICTION TO THE ENVIRONMENT APPLICATIONS

CARVÃO ATIVADO A PARTIR DE BAMBU (Bambusa vulgaris) PARA REMOÇÃO DE AZUL DE METILENO: PREDIÇÕES PARA APLICAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Activated carbon (AC) is an essential product for the removal of environmental contaminants, but the high production costs limit its use. In this work, AC was produced from bamboo through simultaneous direct physical-chemical activation (by using phosphoric acid and water steam), at 500 ºC for 1 hour, to evaluate its adsorption effectiveness for methylene blue dye (MB). Adsorption kinetic and equilibrium studies at batch system were realized at room temperature (to evaluate the adsorption influence of the MB dye over the produced AC) and the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms systems were selected for understanding the adsorption process. The produced AC showed a relatively high value of surface area equal to 1354.42 m².g^-1. The required contact time for the MB to reach equilibrium was 12 hours. The adsorption performance was better delineated by the Langmuir isotherm, which maximum adsorption capacity was of 374.75 mg.g^-1. In addition, the R_L dimensionless factor reveled the favorable nature of the adsorption process in the used conditions. The results obtained in this study recommend the use of the produced AC from bamboo in the treatment of the water contaminated by the MB dye, foremost in higher concentrations than limits admitted by the legislation. Finally, complementary researches must be conducted to improve, even more, the quality of the produced material.

Keywords:
physical-chemical activation; adsorption; water treatment

Table 1 Surface area (SBET) obtained for various adsorbents

Raw material	Used processes		S_BET (m².g^-1)	Reference
Raw material	Carbonization	Activation	S_BET (m².g^-1)	Reference
Bamboo	-	H₃PO₄/H₂O, 500 °C, 1h	1354.42	This work
Bamboo	700 °C, 1h	KOH/CO₂, 850 °C, 2h	1896.00	Hameed et al. (2007)HAMEED, B. H.; DIN, A. T. M.; AHMAD, A. L. Adsorption of methylene blue onto bamboo-based activated carbon: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Amsterdam, v. 141, p. 819-825, 2007.
Bamboo	500 °C, 1h	K₂CO₃/CO₂, 850 °C, 2h	1724.00	Hameed and El-Khaiary (2008)HAMEED, B. H.; EL-KHAIARY, M. I. Equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism of malachite green adsorption on activated carbon prepared from bamboo by K2CO3 activation and subsequent gasification with CO2. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Amsterdam, v. 157, p. 344-351, 2008.
Bamboo	-	H₃PO₄/H₂O, 500 °C, 1h	1196.30	Santana et al. (2017)SANTANA, G. M. et al. Development of activated carbon from bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) for pesticide removal from aqueous solutions. Cerne, Lavras, v. 23, n. 1, p. 123-132, 2017.
Piassava	-	ZnCl₂, 500 °C, 3h	1190.00	Avelar et al. (2010)AVELAR, F. F. et al. The use of piassava ﬁbers (Attalea funifera) in the preparation of activated carbon. Bioresource Technology, Essex, v. 101, n. 12, p. 4639-4645, 2010.
Eucalyptus sp.	800 ºC, 4h	CO₂, 800 °C, 4h	1034.07	Grima-Olmedo et al. (2016)GRIMA-OLMEDO, C. et al. Activated carbon from flash pyrolysis of eucalyptus residue. Heliyon, London, v. 2, n. 9, p. e00155, 2016.
Black wattle	-	H₃PO₄, 500 °C, 2h	905.68	Linhares et al. (2016)LINHARES, F. A.; MARCÍLIO, N. R.; MELO, P. J. Estudo da produção de carvão ativado a partir do resíduo de casca da acácia negra com e sem ativação química. Scientia cum Industria, Caxias do Sul, v. 4, n. 2, p. 74-79, 2016.
Piassava	-	H₃PO₄, 500 °C, 3h	747.00	Avelar et al. (2010)AVELAR, F. F. et al. The use of piassava ﬁbers (Attalea funifera) in the preparation of activated carbon. Bioresource Technology, Essex, v. 101, n. 12, p. 4639-4645, 2010.
Rubber tree	-	H₃PO₄, 800 °C, 4h	693.00	Thubsuang et al. (2017)THUBSUANG, U. et al. Tuning pore characteristics of porous carbon monoliths prepared from rubber wood waste treated with H3PO4 or NaOH and their potential as supercapacitor electrode materials. Journal of Materials Science, Netherlands, v. 52, n. 11, p. 6837-6855, 2017.
Water hyacinth	-	ZnCl₂, 700 °C, 1h	640.00	Barbosa et al. (2014)BARBOSA, C. S. et al. Remoção de compostos fenólicos de soluções aquosas utilizando carvão ativado preparado a partir do aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes): estudo cinético e de equilíbrio termodinâmico. Química Nova, São Paulo, v. 37, n. 3, p. 447-453, 2014.
Eucalyptus sp.	-	K₂CO₃, 500 °C, 3h	539.00	Couto et al. (2012)COUTO, G. M. et al. Use of sawdust Eucalyptus sp. in the preparation of activated carbons. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 36, n. 1, p. 69-77, 2012.
Carnauba palm	-	CaCl₂, 500 °C, 1h	430.69	Lacerda et al. (2015)LACERDA, V. S. et al. Rhodamine B removal with activated carbons obtained from lignocellulosic waste. Journal of environmental management, United States, v. 155, p. 67-76, 2015.
Stone pine	-	H₃PO₄, 500 °C, 1h	296.01	Lacerda et al. (2015)LACERDA, V. S. et al. Rhodamine B removal with activated carbons obtained from lignocellulosic waste. Journal of environmental management, United States, v. 155, p. 67-76, 2015.

Table 2 Methylene blue dye removal percentage at room temperature

Time (h)	Removal (%)
1	36.09
3	49.52
6	86.84
12	99.70
24	99.86

Table 3 Adsorption parameters obtained from the data adjustment to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models for the methylene blue dye at room temperature

Langmuir Parameters		Freundlich parameters
q_m (mg.g^-1)	374.755	N	3.021
K_L (L.mg^-1)	0.018	1/n	0.331
R_L	0.052	K_F [(mg.L^-1)(L.mg^-1)^1/n]	43.985
R²	0.968	R²	0.955

Table 4 Maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of methylene blue obtained for various adsorbents

Raw material	Activating agent	m/m	q_m (mg.g^-1)	Reference
Bamboo	H₃PO₄/H₂O	2:1	374.75	This work
Bamboo	KOH/CO₂	1:1	454.20	Hameed et al. (2007HAMEED, B. H.; DIN, A. T. M.; AHMAD, A. L. Adsorption of methylene blue onto bamboo-based activated carbon: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Amsterdam, v. 141, p. 819-825, 2007.)
Rattan	NaOH	-	359.00	Islam et al (2017ISLAM, M. A. et al. Mesoporous activated carbon prepared from NaOH activation of rattan (Lacosperma secundiflorum) hydrochar for methylene blue removal. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, United States, v. 138, p. 279-285, 2017.)
Piassava	ZnCl₂	1:1	276.40	Avelar et al. (2010AVELAR, F. F. et al. The use of piassava ﬁbers (Attalea funifera) in the preparation of activated carbon. Bioresource Technology, Essex, v. 101, n. 12, p. 4639-4645, 2010.)
Buriti	ZnCl₂	1:3	274.62	Pezoti Jr et al. (2014PEZOTI JR, O. et al. Adsorption studies of methylene blue onto ZnCl2-activated carbon produced from buriti shells (Mauritia flexuosa L.). Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry , South Korea, v. 20, n. 6, p. 4401-4407, 2014.)
Piassava	H₃PO₄	1:1	239.12	Avelar et al. (2010AVELAR, F. F. et al. The use of piassava ﬁbers (Attalea funifera) in the preparation of activated carbon. Bioresource Technology, Essex, v. 101, n. 12, p. 4639-4645, 2010.)
Cocoa	CO₂	-	212.77	Ahmad et al. (2012AHMAD, F. et al. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) shell-based activated carbon by CO2 activation in removing of Cationic dye from aqueous solution: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. Chemical engineering research and design, v. 90, n. 10, p. 1480-1490, 2012.)
Coffee	ZnCl₂	1:1	188.70	Brum et al. (2008BRUM, S. S. et al. Preparação e caracterização de carvão ativado produzido a partir de resíduos do beneficiamento do café. Química Nova, São Paulo, v. 31, n. 5, p. 1048-1052, 2008.)
Eucalyptus sp.	K₂CO₃	1:1	81.00	Couto et al. (2012COUTO, G. M. et al. Use of sawdust Eucalyptus sp. in the preparation of activated carbons. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 36, n. 1, p. 69-77, 2012.)
Candeia	CO₂	-	16.10	Borges et al. (2016BORGES, W. M. S. et al. Produção, caracterização e avaliação da capacidade adsortiva de carvões ativado em forma de briquete. Revista Matéria, Rio de Janeiro, v. 21, n. 4, p. 930-942, 2016. )

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[TFN3] Where: q_m = maximum adsorption capacity (mg.g^-1); K_L = Langmuir constant; R_L = Dimensionless equilibrium parameter; R² = Correlation coefficient; 1/n = Sorption intensity measure; K_F = Sorption coefficient.