Johann Jakob Wepfer (1620-1695) (Swiss). Distinguished for the first time non-traumatic intracranial bleeding - in one case: "...cut the dura mater, much blood discharged from the space between it and the pia-mater [subarachnoid space] ..."; in another case: bleeding with ruptured anterior cerebral artery branch; in one more case, with serous liquid (pale-colored serum) accumulation (1658).2323 Wepfer JJ. Observationes anatomicae ex cadaveribus eorum quos sustulit apoplexia. Cum exercitatione de eius loco affecto. Schaffhausen: O a Waldkirch, 1675:1-19. [Retrieved from: http://books.google.com] http://books.google.com...
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The (non-traumatic, spontaneous) "hemorrhagic apoplexy" [intracranial hemorrhage], [subarachnoid hemorrhage], and [cerebral hemorrhage] due to vascular cause, and a non-hemorrhagic variety, emerged. |
William Cole (1635-1716) (English). The first to use the term "stroke" to denote "apoplexy" in English medical writing (1689).2424 Cole W. A physico-medical essay concerning the late frequency of apoplexies together with a general method of their prevention and cure: in a letter to a physician. Oxford: The Theater, 1689:7. [Retrived from: http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A33733.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext]
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Franciscus (Francesco) Biumi (xxxx-xxxx) (Italian). Described a case of "apoplexy", without intracranial bleeding, identifying: "...internal carotid aneurysmal sack [saccular aneurysm] in the cavernous sinus (Vieussens receptacle)..." [aneurysm - unruptured] (1765).2525 Biumi F. Observations Anatomicae, Scholiis ilustratae. Observatio V. In: Sandifort E (ed): Thesaurus Dissertationum, Vol 3. Leyden: S et J Luchtmans; 1778:373-9. [Retrieved from: http://books.google.com] http://books.google.com...
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Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771) (Italian). Distinguished a "sanguineous" (with bleeding) [hemorrhagic], a "serous" (with intracranial fluid) [non-hemorrhagic], and a "neither sanguineous nor serous" type apoplexy (1761).2626 Morgagni JB. The seats and causes of diseases, investigated by anatomy: containing a great variety of dissections and accompanied with remarks. Cooke, William (translated and abridged). Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1824;1:22-76, 77-87. [Retrieved from: https://ia600704.us.archive.org/3/items/seatscausesofdis01morg/seatscausesofdis01morg.pdf] https://ia600704.us.archive.org/3/items/...
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John Blackall (1771-1860) (English). Described: "...haemorrhage in the space between the meninges... [subarachnoid hemorrhage] ...traced to the basilar artery...at its bifurcation was dilated into an aneurysmal sac [basilar artery aneurysm] ... opened into the cavities" [aneurysm - ruptured] (1814).2727 Blackall J. Observation on the Nature and Cure of Dropsies. 2nd American ed (4th English). Philadelphia: James Webster, 1825:83-5. [Retrieved from: http://books.google.com]
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Jean André Rochoux (1787-1852) (French). Defined "hemorrhagic apoplexy" [cerebral hemorrhage], and introduced the term ramollissement du cerveau [softening of the brain ] [infarction] (1814).2828 Rochoux JA. Recherches sur l’apoplexie. Paris: Méquignow-Marvis, 1814. [ Retrieved from: http://books.google.com] http://books.google.com...
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Léon Louis Rostan (1796-1866) (French). Defined "sanguine (hemorrhagic) apoplexy" [cerebral hemorrhage] and extended the notion of (noninflammatory) "cerebral softening" (ramollissement cérébral) [cerebral infarction] (1819); he considered "apoplexy" only for hemorrhagic events.2929 Rostan L. Recherches sur le Ramollissement du Cerveau. 2éme ed. Paris: Béchet, 1823. [Retrived from:http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k774099/f9.image]
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Améedée Dechambre (1812-1886) (French). Introduced the term lacune [lacune] for small rounded cavities probably resulting from the liquefaction after partial resorption within foci of softening (1838).3030 Dechambre A. Mémoire sur la curabilité du ramollissement cérébral. Gazette Médicale de Paris 1838;6(20):305-14. [Retrieved from: http://194.254.96.52/main.php?key=cGFydGlhbHw5MDE4MngxODM4eDA2fDMwNnwzMTc] http://194.254.96.52/main.php?key=cGFydG...
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Charles Louis Maxime Durand-Fardel (1815-1899) (French). Described "hemorrhage" (meningeal, cerebral) [subarachnoid hemorrhage] [cerebral hemorrhage], "brain softening" [cerebral infarction], "interstitial atrophy of the brain" [white matter rarefaction (demyelination and axonal loss)], "lacune", and état criblé du cerveau (riddled state of the brain).3131 Durand-Fardel M. Traité du ramollissement du cerveau. Paris: Baillière, 1843. [Retrieved from: http://books.google.com]
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Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (1821-1902) (German). Introduced the terms apoplexia sanguinea (Hämorrhagische Apoplexie des Gehirns) (hemorrhagic apoplexy of the brain) [cerebral hemorrhage], and apoplexia ischaemica (ischaemic apoplexy) (Hirnerweichung) [cerebral softening] [cerebral infarct], caused by embolism; created the terms "thrombosis" and "embolism"; revived the term "arteriosclerosis" (according to Lobstein, 1829) (1852).3232 Virchow R. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftlichen Medicin. Frankfurt: Meidinger Sohn & Comp. ; 1856. [Retrieved from: https://archive.org/stream/b21462161#page/710/mode/2up] https://archive.org/stream/b21462161#pag...
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Jean-Baptiste Vincent Laborde (1830-1903) (French). Described the "pisiform lacunes" (lacunes pisiformes) as "...small cystic cavities...small blood effusions that have suffered a complete resorption...in other cases ...their centers ...resulting from partial and progressive disorganization..." for "lacunes" [post-hemorrhage and post-softening] (1866).3333 Laborde J-V. Le ramollissement et la congestion du cerveau: principalement considérés chez le vieillard: étude clinique et pathogénique. Paris: Adrien Delahaye, 1866. [Retrieved from: http://books.google.com]
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Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839-1884) (German). Introduced the terms Infarct [infarct, infarction], Nekrose [necrosis] and hämorraghischer Infarct [hemorrhagic infarct], after embolic obstruction of terminal arteries (1872).3434 Cohnheim J. Untersuchungen über die embolischen Processe. Berlin: August Hirschwald, 1872. [Retrieved from: http://books.google.com]
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Otto Ludwig Binswanger (1852-1929) (Swiss). Described marked atrophy of the subcortical white matter he named "Chronic progressive subcortical encephalitis" (1894), later named after him, and subsequently known as "Binswanger disease".3535 Binswanger O. Die Abgrenzung der allgemeinen progressiven Paralyse. Berliner Klin Wochenschrift 1894;49:1103-1105, 1137-1139, 1180-6. [Retrieved from: http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/ cote? epo1248] http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/m...
,3636 Engelhardt E. Binswanger: mais que um epônimo [Binswanger: more than an eponym]. Rev Bras Neurol. 2015;51(1):24-27.
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Alois (Aloysius) Alzheimer (1864-1915) (German). Described diffuse and focal subtypes of vascular injuries of the brain, including focal cortical atrophic changes (senile Sklerose der Hirnrinde and senile Rindenverödung), "cortical microinfarcts" (1899-1902).3737 Alzheimer A. Beitrag zur pathologischen Anatomie der Seelenstoerungen des Greisenalters. Neurologisches Centralblatt. 1899;18:95-96.,3838 Engelhardt E, Grinberg LT. Alzheimer and vascular brain disease: Focal and diffuse subforms. Dement Neuropsychol. 2015;9(3):306-10.
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