Must
et al., 2006, Hungary |
50 participants 20 controls, mean age 42.5
30 depressive individuals mean age 43.8 |
Evaluation of DM and EF in MDD on two versions. |
Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, HAM-D
|
IGT
Bechara
et al.,1994 |
Patients with MDD were impaired on the WCST and on the ABCD version of the IGT but showed normal performances on the EFGH task. |
Limitations: The sample size was small and only few neuropsychological tests were used. Unmedicated patients were not assessed. Individual personality style, response strategies, and behavioral impulsivity were not investigated. |
Smoski
et al., 2008, USA |
85 participants 44 controls, mean age 36.7
41 depressive individuals mean age 37.9 |
Examine whether depression is associated with greater responsiveness to negative feedback in relation to reward. |
HAM-D 17-item version |
IGT
Bechara
et al.,1994 |
Depressive participants chose fewer risky cards across the entire task compared to control participants and showed a trend toward winning more money overall. |
The design of the present study makes it difficult to discern whether IGT performance among depressive individuals was superior due to a heightened response to punishment, a decreased response to reward, or both. |
Cella
et al., 2010, United Kingdom |
39 participants 20 controls, mean age 35.1
19 depressive individuals mean age 35.8 |
Explore flexible DM performance in patients with MDD with the contingency shifting variant IGT. |
BDI-II
|
Contingency shifting variant IGT
Dymond
et al., 2010 |
Show impaired performance by MDD patients on all phases of the IGT, relative to control participants, and emphasizes the role that altered sensitivities to reward and punishment may play in the impaired DM often found in depression. |
Limitations: sample size was relatively small. Two of the nineteen MDD patients were receiving adjuvant mood stabilizer medication, which may have impaired performance. The findings can only provide limited insight into the effect of antidepressant medication on flexible DM in depression due to the absence of a group of unmedicated MDD patients. |
McGovern
et al., 2014, NY |
96 participants 36 controls,
60 depressive individuals (age >60) |
To identify abnormalities in reward-
related DM in late-life depression. |
DSM-IV-TR criteria, Research Diagnostic Criteria for unipolar major depression, HDRS 24-item |
IGT
Bechara
et al.,1994 |
Apathetic depressed older adults more effectively evaluated costs and benefits and shifted their selections to the conservative decks. In contrast, non-apathetic, depressed older adults did not adopt an advantageous strategy and continued to make risky decisions on the task. |
Limitations: All groups demonstrated deteriorating performance on later time blocks of the IGT. There is no unimpaired reference group in this study. Furthermore, since the IGT is one of several well-studied DM tasks, it is important to determine whether other complex DM tasks reveal similar patterns. |
Moniz
et al., 2016, Portugal |
60 participants 30 controls mean age 41.43
30 depressive individuals mean age 42.20 |
To compare the performance of a group of 30 non-psychotic unipolar depressed against 30 healthy controls on a version of the IGT |
MINI; BSI
|
IGT
Mueller & Piper,
2014 |
Significant differences were found between depressed patients and healthy controls in traditional Net Score measures as well as in various alternative metrics. |
Limitations: sample size, regarding both patients group and health control. |
