Psychometric properties of cognitive screening for patients with cerebrovascular diseases A systematic review

Rodrigues, Jaqueline de Carvalho; Becker, Natália; Beckenkamp, Carolina Luísa; Miná, Camila Schorr; Salles, Jerusa Fumagalli de; Bandeira, Denise Ruschel

doi:10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-010004

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Dementia & Neuropsychologia

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Original Article • Dement. neuropsychol. 13 (1) • Jan-Mar 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-010004 copy

Psychometric properties of cognitive screening for patients with cerebrovascular diseases A systematic review

PROPRIEDADES PSICOMÉTRICAS DE TRIAGENS COGNITIVAS NAS DOENÇAS CEREBROVASCULARES: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT.

Screening instruments are ideal for acute clinical settings because they are easy to apply, fast, inexpensive and sensitive for specific samples. However, there is a need to verify the psychometric properties of screening in stroke patients.

Objective:

This study investigated the psychometric properties (methodological procedures) of cognitive screening for patients with cerebrovascular diseases.

Methods:

A systematic review of papers published on PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge, PubMed and Science Direct (2005 to 2016) was performed.

Results:

A total of 55 articles remained after applying exclusion criteria. The samples ranged from 20 to 657 patients. Most articles evaluated elderly individuals with four to 13 years of education who had experienced ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. There was a tendency to find evidence of validity for criteria and to analyze the sensitivity/specificity of the instruments. Although the studies frequently used the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to seek evidence of validity and reliability, the use of these instruments among stroke patients has been criticized due to their psychometric properties and the neuropsychological functions evaluated.

Conclusion:

Although there is no gold standard screen for assessing adults post-stroke, instruments devised specifically for this population have shown promise. This review helps both researchers and clinicians to select the most appropriate screen for identifying cognitive impairment in adults post-stroke.

Key words:
neuropsychological assessment; stroke; vascular cognitive impairment; validity; reliability

Cognitive screening	N (CVD)	Age (M±SD or range)	Years of education (M±SD, % or range)	Time post-stroke
Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R)¹³13 Morris K, Hacker V, Lincoln NB. The validity of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) in acute stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34(3):189-95.	101 (NI)	67.0-82.5	9.0-11.0	8-48 days
Barrow Neurological Institute Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions (BNIS)²⁷27 Boosman H, Visser-Meily JMA, Post MWM, Duits A, van Heugten CM. Validity of the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI ) screen for higher cerebral functions in stroke patients with good functional outcome. Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;27(4):667-80.	54 (I, H, SH)	53.8±12.3	33.3% high education	15.0±12.8 weeks
	295 (I)	43.4-66	92 < 9; 203 > 9	7 years
Birmingham Cognitive Screen (BCoS - Cantonese version)²⁹29 Pan X, Chen H, Bickerton WL, Lau JKL, Kong APH, Rotshtein P, et al. Preliminary findings on the reliability and validity of the cantonese Birmingham Cognitive Screen in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:2377-90.	98 (I)	>50 years	NI	2 weeks
Birmingham Cognitive Screen (BCoS)³⁰30 Bickerton W-L, Demeyere N, Francis D, Kumar V, Remoundou M, Balani A, et al. The BCoS cognitive profile screen: utility and predictive value for stroke. Neuropsychology. 2015;29(4):638-48.	657 (I and H)	69.31±14.34, 71.38±12.60	11.52±2.76, 11.19±2.76	26.65±22.36, 20.44±17.29
Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET)³¹31 Brookes RL, Hollocks MJ, Khan U, Morris RG, Markus HS. The Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET) for detecting vascular cognitive impairment in small vessel disease: a validation study. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):290.	196 (SVD)	63.5±9.9	13.7±3.8	20.5±32.3 months
Brief Neuropsychological Screening (BNS)³²32 Lunardelli A, Mengotti P, Pesavento V, Sverzut A, Zadini A. The Brief Neuropsychological Screening (BNS): valuation of its clinical validity. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;45(1):85-91.	134 (NI)	69.7±12.9	8.3±3.4	<1 month
Clock Drawing Test (CDT)⁷7 Nøkleby K, Boland E, Bergersen H, Schanke A-K, Farner L, Wagle J, et al. Screening for cognitive deficits after stroke: a comparison of three screening tools. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1095-104.	49 (I, IH, SH)	62±53.5	NI	38±17 days
CDT³³33 Yoo DH, Lee JS. Clinical usefulness of the clock drawing test applying rasch analysis in predicting of cognitive impairment. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(7):2140-3.	187 (I and H)	49 - 80	0 - 29	3 - 25 months
Cog-4³⁴34 Lees R, Selvarajah J, Fenton C, Pendlebury ST, Langhorne P, Stott DJ, et al. Test accuracy of cognitive screening tests for diagnosis of dementia and multidomain cognitive impairment in stroke. Stroke. 2014;45(10):3008-18.	92 (I and TIA)	63-83	NI	1-4 days
Cognistat⁷7 Nøkleby K, Boland E, Bergersen H, Schanke A-K, Farner L, Wagle J, et al. Screening for cognitive deficits after stroke: a comparison of three screening tools. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1095-104.	49 (I, IH, SH)	62±53.5	NI	38±17 days
Cognitive Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (CASP)³⁵35 Barnay J-L, Wauquiez G. Feasibility of the Cognitive Assessment scale for Stroke Patients (CASP) vs. MMSE and MoCA in aphasic left hemispheric stroke patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;57(6-7):422-35.	44 (I and H)	64±15	NI	42±22 days
CASP³⁶36 Benaim C, Barnay JL, Wauquiez G, Bonnin-Koang HY, Anquetil C, Pérennou D, et al. The Cognitive Assessment scale for Stroke Patients (CASP) vs. MMSE and MoCA in non-aphasic hemispheric stroke patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2015;58(2):78-85.	50 (I and H)	63±14	NI	40±17 days
Functional Independence Measure (FIM cognitive)³⁷37 Te Winkel-Witlox ACM, Post MWM, Visser-Meily JMA, Lindeman E. Efficient screening of cognitive dysfunction in stroke patients: comparison between the CAMCOG and the R-CAMCOG, Mini Mental State Examination and Functional Independence Measure-cognition score. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(18):1386-91.	169 (I and H)	56.2±11.3	61.2% intermediate	<12 months
Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental State (MEAMS)³⁸38 Cartoni A, Lincoln NB. The sensitivity and specificity of the Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental State (MEAMS) for detecting cognitive impairment after stroke. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2005;15(1):55-67.	30 (NI)	75.8±7.94	NI	20.73±24.37 days
Mild Vascular Cognitive Impairment Assessment tool for Stroke (MVCI)³⁹39 Oh HS, Kim JS, Shim EB, Seo WS. Development and clinical validity of a mild vascular cognitive impairment assessment tool for Korean stroke patients. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2015;9(3):226-34.	60 (I and H)	64.07±13.46	NI	NI
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)⁶6 Nys GMS, Van Zandvoort MJE, De Kort PLM, Jansen BPW, Kappelle LJ, De Haan EHF. Restrictions of the Mini-Mental State Examination in acute stroke. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;20(5):623-9.	34 (I and H)	64.7±11.5	1 - 7	6.5±2.9 days
MMSE³⁷37 Te Winkel-Witlox ACM, Post MWM, Visser-Meily JMA, Lindeman E. Efficient screening of cognitive dysfunction in stroke patients: comparison between the CAMCOG and the R-CAMCOG, Mini Mental State Examination and Functional Independence Measure-cognition score. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(18):1386-91.	169 (I and H)	56.2±11.3	61.2% intermediate	<12 months
MMSE⁴⁰40 Pendlebury ST, Cuthbertson FC, Welch SJ V., Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Underestimation of cognitive impairment by Mini-Mental State Examination versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in patients with transient ischemic attack and stroke: a population-based study. Stroke. 2010;41(6):1290-3.	493 (TIA, I and H)	69.9±12.4	NI	6 months or 5 years
MMSE⁴¹41 Zhou A, Jia J. A screen for cognitive assessments for patients with vascular cognitive impairment no dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24(12):1352-7.	80 (MI, SVD)	65.85±6.94	10.00±3.35	3 months
MMSE⁴²42 Dong Y, Venketasubramanian N, Chan BP-L, Sharma VK, Slavin MJ, Collinson SL, et al. Brief screening tests during acute admission in patients with mild stroke are predictive of vascular cognitive impairment 3-6 months after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:580-5.	239 (TIA and I)	60.2±11.8	7.5±4.1	3-6 months
MMSE⁴³43 Dong YH, Slavin MJ, Chan BPL, Venketasubramanian N, Sharma VK, Collinson SL, et al. Improving screening for vascular cognitive impairment at three to six months after mild ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Int Psychogeriatrics. 2014;26(5):787-93.	327 (TIA and I)	59.8±11.6	7.7±4.3	3-6 months
MMSE²⁴24 Cumming TB, Churilov L, Linden T, Bernhardt J. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-mental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(2):122-9.	60 (I and IH)	72.1±13.9	10.5±3.9	98.3±12.0 days
MMSE⁴⁴44 Dong Y, Slavin MJ, Chan BP-L, Venketasubramanian N, Sharma VK, Crawford JD, et al. Cognitive screening improves the predictive value of stroke severity scores for functional outcome 3-6 months after mild stroke and transient ischaemic attack: an observational study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(9):e003105.	388 (I and TIA)	59.8±11.6	7.7±4.3	0-14 days, 3-6 months
MMSE⁴⁵45 Xu Q, Cao WW, Mi JH, Yu L, Lin Y, Li YS. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease: a comparison study of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment with the Mini-mental State Examination. Eur Neurol. 2014;71(3-4):106-14.	138 (SIVD)	50-85	> 6	> 3 months
MMSE⁴⁶46 Shen YJ, Wang WA, Huang FD, Chen J, Liu HY, Xia YL, et al. The use of MMSE and MoCA in patients with acute ischemic stroke in clinical. Int J Neurosci. 2016;126(5):442-7.	105 (I)	68.61±10.35	8.90±4.24	< 2 weeks
MMSE¹⁶16 Lin HF, Chern CM, Chen HM, Yeh YC, Yao SC, Huang MF, et al. Validation of NINDS-VCI neuropsychology protocols for vascular cognitive impairment in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):1-12.	83 (I and H)	66.6±9.7	9.2±4.8	9.0±5.4 months
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)⁴³43 Dong YH, Slavin MJ, Chan BPL, Venketasubramanian N, Sharma VK, Collinson SL, et al. Improving screening for vascular cognitive impairment at three to six months after mild ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Int Psychogeriatrics. 2014;26(5):787-93.	327 (TIA and I)	59.8±11.6	7.7±4.3	3-6 months
MoCA⁴⁷47 Van Der Wijst E, Wright J, Steultjens E. The suitability of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a screening tool to identify people with dysfunction in occupational performance after mild stroke. Br J Occup Ther. 2014;77(10):526-32.	29 (I, H, TIA)	68±12	NI	2.5±1.4 days
MoCA⁴⁸48 Godefroy O, Fickl A, Roussel M, Auribault C, Bugnicourt JM, Lamy C, et al. Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment superior to the Mini-mental State Examination to detect poststroke cognitive impairment?: A study with neuropsychological evaluation. Stroke. 2011;42(6):1712-6.	95 (I and H)	68.2±13.7	79% primary	6.6±3.5
MoCA²⁰20 Freitas S, Simões MR, Alves L, Vicente M, Santana I. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): validation study for vascular dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(6):1031-40.	34 (VD)	73.21±7.85	4.97±2.74	NI
MoCA⁴²42 Dong Y, Venketasubramanian N, Chan BP-L, Sharma VK, Slavin MJ, Collinson SL, et al. Brief screening tests during acute admission in patients with mild stroke are predictive of vascular cognitive impairment 3-6 months after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:580-5.	239 (TIA and I)	60.2±11.8	7.5±4.1	3-6 months
MoCA¹⁴14 Pendlebury ST, Mariz J, Bull L, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. MoCA, ACE-R, and MMSE versus the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards neuropsychological battery after TIA and stroke. Stroke. 2012;43(2):464-9.	99 (TIA and stroke)	73.4±11.6	63% < 12	1 year
MoCA²⁴24 Cumming TB, Churilov L, Linden T, Bernhardt J. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-mental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(2):122-9.	60 (I and IH)	72.1±13.9	10.5±3.9	98.3±12.0 days
MoCA⁴⁹49 Salvadori E, Pasi M, Poggesi A, Chiti G, Inzitari D, Pantoni L. Predictive value of MoCA in the acute phase of stroke on the diagnosis of mid-term cognitive impairment. J Neurol. 2013;260(9):2220-7.	80 (I and H)	68.2±14.6	9.2±4.4	5-9 days, 8.4±2.2 months
MoCA⁴⁴44 Dong Y, Slavin MJ, Chan BP-L, Venketasubramanian N, Sharma VK, Crawford JD, et al. Cognitive screening improves the predictive value of stroke severity scores for functional outcome 3-6 months after mild stroke and transient ischaemic attack: an observational study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(9):e003105.	388 (I and TIA)	59.8±11.6	7.7±4.3	0-14 days, 3-6 months
MoCA¹²12 Chan E, Khan S, Oliver R, Gill SK, Werring DJ, Cipolotti L. Underestimation of cognitive impairments by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in an acute stroke unit population. J Neurol Sci. 2014; 343(1-2):176-9.	136 (I and H)	64.3±14.3	NI	11.1±14.5 days
MoCA²⁵25 Wong GKC, Lam SW, Wong A, Lai M, Siu D, Poon WS, et al. MoCA-assessed cognitive function and excellent outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage at 1 year. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21(5):725-30.	108 (aSAH)	21-75	NI	2-4 weeks, 1 year
MoCA²⁶26 Wong GKC, Lam SW, Wong A, Mok V, Siu D, Ngai K, et al. Early MoCA-assessed cognitive impairment after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and relationship to 1-year functional outcome. Transl Stroke Res. 2014;5(2):286-91.	194 (aSAH)	21-75	NI	1 year
MoCA⁴⁵45 Xu Q, Cao WW, Mi JH, Yu L, Lin Y, Li YS. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease: a comparison study of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment with the Mini-mental State Examination. Eur Neurol. 2014;71(3-4):106-14.	138 (SIVD)	50-85	> 6	> 3 months
MoCA⁵⁰50 Geubbels HJB, Nusselein BAM, Van Heugten CM, Valentijn SAM, Rasquin SMC. Can the Montreal Cognitive Assessment predict discharge destination in a stroke population in the hospital? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24(5):1094-9.	211 (I and H)	70.6±1.8	23/98/42 (low/medium/ high)	5.1±4.9 days
MoCA¹⁸18 Dong Y, Xu J, Chan BP-L, Seet RCS, Venketasubramanian N, Teoh HL, et al. The Montreal cognitive assessment is superior to national institute of neurological disease and stroke-Canadian stroke network 5-minute protocol in predicting vascular cognitive impairment at 1 year. BMC Neurol. 2016;16(1):46.	291	59.8±11.6	7.7±4.3	3-6 months, 1 year
MoCA⁴⁶46 Shen YJ, Wang WA, Huang FD, Chen J, Liu HY, Xia YL, et al. The use of MMSE and MoCA in patients with acute ischemic stroke in clinical. Int J Neurosci. 2016;126(5):442-7.	105 (I)	68.61±10.35	8.90±4.24	< 2 weeks
miniMoCA⁵¹51 Campbell N, Rice D, Friedman L, Speechley M, Teasell RW. Screening and facilitating further assessment for cognitive impairment after stroke: application of a shortened Montreal Cognitive Assessment (miniMoCA). Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(6):601-4.	72 (NI)	68.1±15	11.2±2	NI
MoCA (by telephone)⁵²52 Pendlebury ST, Welch SJ V, Cuthbertson FC, Mariz J, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Telephone assessment of cognition after transient ischemic attack and stroke: modified telephone interview of cognitive status and telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment versus face-to-face Montreal Cognitive Assessment and neuropsychological battery. Stroke. 2013;44(1):227-9.	91 (I, H, TIA)	72.9±11.6	63% <12	3.1±1.9 years
MoCA BM (Bahasa Malaysia version)⁵³53 Sahathevan R, Ali KM, Ellery F, Mohamad NF, Hamdan N, Ibrahim NM, et al. A Bahasa Malaysia version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: validation in stroke. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(5):781-6.	40 (I and H)	57.2±10.3	8.5±3.9	164-581 days
MoCA Beijing version⁵⁴54 Zuo L, Dong Y, Zhu R, Jin Z, Li Z, Wang Y, et al. Screening for cognitive impairment with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Chinese patients with acute mild stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a validation study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7):e011310.	102 (I and TIA)	53.95±11.43	12/74/26 (low/medium/ high)	> 14 days
MoCA Beijing version (by telephone)¹⁹19 Chen X, Fan X, Zhao L, Duan L, Wang Z, Han Y, et al. Telephone-based cognitive screening for stroke patients in china. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27(12):2079-85.	89 (NI)	62.9±8.6	9.2±4.2	> 3 months
MoCA (Changsha)⁵⁵55 Tu Q-Y, Jin H, Ding B-R, Yang X, Lei Z-H, Bai S, et al. Reliability, validity, and optimal cutoff score of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Changsha version) in ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients of hunan province, China. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2013;3(1):25-36.	338 (I and VD)	> 40 years	> 2	NI
MoCA (Chinese - Cantonese)⁵⁶56 You J-S, Chen R-Z, Zhang F-M, Zhou Z-Y, Cai Y-F, Li G-F. The chinese (cantonese) montreal cognitive assessment in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2011;1(1):276-82.	70 (VD)	70.1±7.88	8.84±3.20	3 months
MoCA (Chinese - Cantonese)⁵⁷57 Wong GKC, Lam SW, Wong A, Ngai K, Poon WS, Mok V. Comparison of Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination in evaluating cognitive domain deficit following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):1-7.	a) 74, b) 80 (aSAH)	a) 49-66, b) 47-61	NI	a) 2-7 weeks, b) 1 year
MoCA (Chinese)⁵⁸58 Wu Y, Wang M, Ren M, Xu W. The effects of educational background on Montreal Cognitive Assessment screening for vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia, caused by ischemic stroke. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20(10):1406-10.	206 (I)	68.14±10.64 (NCI), 69.24± 11.45 (VCIND)	9.73±5.35 (NCI), 8.65±5.51(VCIND)	NI
Hong Kong MoCA (HK-MoCA)⁵⁹59 Wong GKC, Lam S, Ngai K, Wong A, Mok V, Poon WS. Evaluation of cognitive impairment by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: prevalence, risk factors and correlations with 3 month outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(11):1112-7.	90 (aSAH)	54.0±11.0	NI	3 months
HK-MoCA⁵⁷57 Wong GKC, Lam SW, Wong A, Ngai K, Poon WS, Mok V. Comparison of Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination in evaluating cognitive domain deficit following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):1-7.	50 (I)	68.8±9.2	5.9±4.1	6-18 months
HK-MoCA (by telephone)⁶⁰60 Wong A, Nyenhuis D, Black SE, Law LSN, Lo ESK, Kwan PWL, et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-Minute protocol is a brief, valid, reliable, and feasible cognitive screen for telephone administration. Stroke. 2015;46(4):1059-64.	104 (I, H, and TIA)	68.9±10.1, 70.8±9.2	6.3±4.4, 6.0±4.5	39.4±7.6 months
HK-MoCA⁶¹61 Wong A, Xiong YY, Kwan PWL, Chan AYY, Lam WWM, Wang K, et al. The validity, reliability and clinical utility of the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28(1):81-7.	40 (SMD)	70.08±8.5	5.98±4.5	< 3 months
MoCA (Singaporean)⁶²62 Dong Y, Sharma VK, Chan BPL, Venketasubramanian N, Teoh HL, Seet RCS, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of vascular cognitive impairment after acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2010;299(1-2):15-8.	100 (TIA, I and H)	61.2±11.3	52% ≤ primary	4.2±2.4 days
Northwick Park Examination of Cognition (NPEC)⁶³63 Williams PM, Johnson C, Swan S, Barber C, Murphy P, Devine J, et al. The Northwick Park Examination of Cognition: a brief cognitive assessment tool for use in acute stroke services. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2016;23(7): 314-22.	166 (NI)	69.2±14.1	NI	5.6±7.9 days
Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS)⁹9 Demeyere N, Riddoch MJ, Slavkova ED, Bickerton W-L, Humphreys GW. The Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS): validation of a stroke-specific short cognitive screening tool. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(3):883-94.	208 (NI)	71.1±14.5	11.5±2.7	6.6±4.69 days
OCS⁶⁴64 Demeyere N, Riddoch MJ, Slavkova ED, Jones K, Reckless I, Mathieson P, et al. Domain-specific versus generalized cognitive screening in acute stroke. J Neurol. 2016;263(2):306-15.	200 (I and H)	70.5±14.7	NI	6.1±4.4 days
Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)⁶⁵65 Larson E, Kirschner K, Bode R, Heinemann A, Goodman R. Construct and predictive validity of the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status in the evaluation of stroke patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005;27(1):16-32.	a) 158, b) 36 (NI)	a) 64.27±14.45, b) 63.21±16.19	a) 34% < 12 b) 29% < 12	a) 20±19.4 days, b) 12 months
Rotterdam CAMCOG (R-CAMCOG)³⁷37 Te Winkel-Witlox ACM, Post MWM, Visser-Meily JMA, Lindeman E. Efficient screening of cognitive dysfunction in stroke patients: comparison between the CAMCOG and the R-CAMCOG, Mini Mental State Examination and Functional Independence Measure-cognition score. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(18):1386-91.	169 (I and H)	56.2±11.3	61.2% intermediate	<12 months
Screening Instrument for Neuropsychological Impairments in Stroke (SINS)⁷7 Nøkleby K, Boland E, Bergersen H, Schanke A-K, Farner L, Wagle J, et al. Screening for cognitive deficits after stroke: a comparison of three screening tools. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1095-104.	49 (I, IH, SH)	62±53.5	NI	38±17 days
Six-item Screener (SIS - by telephone)¹⁹19 Chen X, Fan X, Zhao L, Duan L, Wang Z, Han Y, et al. Telephone-based cognitive screening for stroke patients in china. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27(12):2079-85.	89 (NI)	62.9±8.6	9.2±4.2	> 3 months
Weigl's Colour-Form Sorting Test (WCFT)⁶⁶66 Hobson P, Meara J, Taylor C. The Weigl Colour-Form Sorting Test: A quick and easily administered bedside screen for dementia and executive dysfunction. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(9):909-15.	105 (NI)	73.4±10.7	9.9±1.7	NI
Zürich Maxi Mental Status Inventory (ZüMAX)⁶⁷67 Tobler-Ammann BC, de Bruin ED, Brugger P, de Bie RA, Knols RH. The Zürich Maxi Mental Status Inventory (ZüMAX): test-retest reliability and discriminant validity in stroke survivors. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2016;29(2):78-90.	33 (NI)	63.2±14.7	NI	49.4±79.8 days

Cognitive screening	Procedures for determining validity/reliability with appropriate values	Procedures for determining validity/reliability without appropriate values
Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R)		SE/SP (relationships with criteria)¹³13 Morris K, Hacker V, Lincoln NB. The validity of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) in acute stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34(3):189-95.
Barrow Neurological Institute Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions (BNIS)	Concurrent validity (relation with criteria),²⁷27 Boosman H, Visser-Meily JMA, Post MWM, Duits A, van Heugten CM. Validity of the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI ) screen for higher cerebral functions in stroke patients with good functional outcome. Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;27(4):667-80.^,²⁸28 Redfors P, Hofgren C, Eriksson I, Holmegaard L, Samuelsson H, Jood K. The Barrow Neurological Institute screen for higher cerebral functions in cognitive screening after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(2):349-55. SE (relation with criteria),²⁷27 Boosman H, Visser-Meily JMA, Post MWM, Duits A, van Heugten CM. Validity of the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI ) screen for higher cerebral functions in stroke patients with good functional outcome. Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;27(4):667-80. convergent validity (relation with related constructs),²⁷27 Boosman H, Visser-Meily JMA, Post MWM, Duits A, van Heugten CM. Validity of the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI ) screen for higher cerebral functions in stroke patients with good functional outcome. Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;27(4):667-80.^,²⁸28 Redfors P, Hofgren C, Eriksson I, Holmegaard L, Samuelsson H, Jood K. The Barrow Neurological Institute screen for higher cerebral functions in cognitive screening after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(2):349-55. correlation (internal consistence reliability),²⁷27 Boosman H, Visser-Meily JMA, Post MWM, Duits A, van Heugten CM. Validity of the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI ) screen for higher cerebral functions in stroke patients with good functional outcome. Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;27(4):667-80.^,²⁸28 Redfors P, Hofgren C, Eriksson I, Holmegaard L, Samuelsson H, Jood K. The Barrow Neurological Institute screen for higher cerebral functions in cognitive screening after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(2):349-55. comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria).²⁸28 Redfors P, Hofgren C, Eriksson I, Holmegaard L, Samuelsson H, Jood K. The Barrow Neurological Institute screen for higher cerebral functions in cognitive screening after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(2):349-55.	SP (relation with criteria)²⁷27 Boosman H, Visser-Meily JMA, Post MWM, Duits A, van Heugten CM. Validity of the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI ) screen for higher cerebral functions in stroke patients with good functional outcome. Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;27(4):667-80.
Birmingham Cognitive Screen (BCoS - Cantonese version)	Inter-rater (internal-consistency reliability),²⁹29 Pan X, Chen H, Bickerton WL, Lau JKL, Kong APH, Rotshtein P, et al. Preliminary findings on the reliability and validity of the cantonese Birmingham Cognitive Screen in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:2377-90. test-retest (temporal stability reliability),²⁹29 Pan X, Chen H, Bickerton WL, Lau JKL, Kong APH, Rotshtein P, et al. Preliminary findings on the reliability and validity of the cantonese Birmingham Cognitive Screen in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:2377-90. comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria),²⁹29 Pan X, Chen H, Bickerton WL, Lau JKL, Kong APH, Rotshtein P, et al. Preliminary findings on the reliability and validity of the cantonese Birmingham Cognitive Screen in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:2377-90. convergent validity (relation with related constructs).²⁹29 Pan X, Chen H, Bickerton WL, Lau JKL, Kong APH, Rotshtein P, et al. Preliminary findings on the reliability and validity of the cantonese Birmingham Cognitive Screen in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:2377-90.
Birmingham Cognitive Screen (BCoS)	Comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria),³⁰30 Bickerton W-L, Demeyere N, Francis D, Kumar V, Remoundou M, Balani A, et al. The BCoS cognitive profile screen: utility and predictive value for stroke. Neuropsychology. 2015;29(4):638-48. predictive validity (relation with criteria).³⁰30 Bickerton W-L, Demeyere N, Francis D, Kumar V, Remoundou M, Balani A, et al. The BCoS cognitive profile screen: utility and predictive value for stroke. Neuropsychology. 2015;29(4):638-48.
Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET)	Inter-rater (internal consistency reliability),³¹31 Brookes RL, Hollocks MJ, Khan U, Morris RG, Markus HS. The Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET) for detecting vascular cognitive impairment in small vessel disease: a validation study. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):290. test-retest (temporal stability reliability),³¹31 Brookes RL, Hollocks MJ, Khan U, Morris RG, Markus HS. The Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET) for detecting vascular cognitive impairment in small vessel disease: a validation study. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):290. SE/SP (relation with criteria),³¹31 Brookes RL, Hollocks MJ, Khan U, Morris RG, Markus HS. The Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET) for detecting vascular cognitive impairment in small vessel disease: a validation study. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):290. comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria),³¹31 Brookes RL, Hollocks MJ, Khan U, Morris RG, Markus HS. The Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET) for detecting vascular cognitive impairment in small vessel disease: a validation study. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):290. response times (response processes).³¹31 Brookes RL, Hollocks MJ, Khan U, Morris RG, Markus HS. The Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET) for detecting vascular cognitive impairment in small vessel disease: a validation study. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):290.
Brief Neuropsychological Screening (BNS)	Comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria),³²32 Lunardelli A, Mengotti P, Pesavento V, Sverzut A, Zadini A. The Brief Neuropsychological Screening (BNS): valuation of its clinical validity. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;45(1):85-91. predictive validity (relation with criteria),³²32 Lunardelli A, Mengotti P, Pesavento V, Sverzut A, Zadini A. The Brief Neuropsychological Screening (BNS): valuation of its clinical validity. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;45(1):85-91. convergent validity (relationship with related constructs).³²32 Lunardelli A, Mengotti P, Pesavento V, Sverzut A, Zadini A. The Brief Neuropsychological Screening (BNS): valuation of its clinical validity. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;45(1):85-91.
Clock Drawing Test (CDT)	SE/SP (relation with criteria)³³33 Yoo DH, Lee JS. Clinical usefulness of the clock drawing test applying rasch analysis in predicting of cognitive impairment. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(7):2140-3.	Convergent validity (relation with related constructs),⁷7 Nøkleby K, Boland E, Bergersen H, Schanke A-K, Farner L, Wagle J, et al. Screening for cognitive deficits after stroke: a comparison of three screening tools. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1095-104.SE/SP (relation with criteria).⁷7 Nøkleby K, Boland E, Bergersen H, Schanke A-K, Farner L, Wagle J, et al. Screening for cognitive deficits after stroke: a comparison of three screening tools. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1095-104.
Cog-4		Convergent validity (relation with related constructs),³⁴34 Lees R, Selvarajah J, Fenton C, Pendlebury ST, Langhorne P, Stott DJ, et al. Test accuracy of cognitive screening tests for diagnosis of dementia and multidomain cognitive impairment in stroke. Stroke. 2014;45(10):3008-18. SE/SP (relation with criteria).³⁴34 Lees R, Selvarajah J, Fenton C, Pendlebury ST, Langhorne P, Stott DJ, et al. Test accuracy of cognitive screening tests for diagnosis of dementia and multidomain cognitive impairment in stroke. Stroke. 2014;45(10):3008-18.
Cognistat		Convergent validity (relation with related constructs),⁷7 Nøkleby K, Boland E, Bergersen H, Schanke A-K, Farner L, Wagle J, et al. Screening for cognitive deficits after stroke: a comparison of three screening tools. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1095-104. SE/SP (relation with criteria).⁷7 Nøkleby K, Boland E, Bergersen H, Schanke A-K, Farner L, Wagle J, et al. Screening for cognitive deficits after stroke: a comparison of three screening tools. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1095-104.
Cognitive Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (CASP)		Convergent validity (relation with related constructs).³⁵35 Barnay J-L, Wauquiez G. Feasibility of the Cognitive Assessment scale for Stroke Patients (CASP) vs. MMSE and MoCA in aphasic left hemispheric stroke patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;57(6-7):422-35.^,³⁶36 Benaim C, Barnay JL, Wauquiez G, Bonnin-Koang HY, Anquetil C, Pérennou D, et al. The Cognitive Assessment scale for Stroke Patients (CASP) vs. MMSE and MoCA in non-aphasic hemispheric stroke patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2015;58(2):78-85.
Functional Independence Measure (FIM cognitive)		Convergent validity (relationship with related constructs)³⁷37 Te Winkel-Witlox ACM, Post MWM, Visser-Meily JMA, Lindeman E. Efficient screening of cognitive dysfunction in stroke patients: comparison between the CAMCOG and the R-CAMCOG, Mini Mental State Examination and Functional Independence Measure-cognition score. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(18):1386-91.
Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental State (MEAMS)		SE/SP (relation with criteria)³⁸38 Cartoni A, Lincoln NB. The sensitivity and specificity of the Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental State (MEAMS) for detecting cognitive impairment after stroke. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2005;15(1):55-67.
Mild Vascular Cognitive Impairment Assessment tool for Stroke (MVCI)	Judge analysis - face validity (content-oriented evidence),³⁹39 Oh HS, Kim JS, Shim EB, Seo WS. Development and clinical validity of a mild vascular cognitive impairment assessment tool for Korean stroke patients. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2015;9(3):226-34. convergent validity (relation with related constructs),³⁹39 Oh HS, Kim JS, Shim EB, Seo WS. Development and clinical validity of a mild vascular cognitive impairment assessment tool for Korean stroke patients. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2015;9(3):226-34. SE/SP (relation with criteria),³⁹39 Oh HS, Kim JS, Shim EB, Seo WS. Development and clinical validity of a mild vascular cognitive impairment assessment tool for Korean stroke patients. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2015;9(3):226-34. correlation,inter-rater (internal consistency reliability).³⁹39 Oh HS, Kim JS, Shim EB, Seo WS. Development and clinical validity of a mild vascular cognitive impairment assessment tool for Korean stroke patients. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2015;9(3):226-34.
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)	Comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria),¹⁶16 Lin HF, Chern CM, Chen HM, Yeh YC, Yao SC, Huang MF, et al. Validation of NINDS-VCI neuropsychology protocols for vascular cognitive impairment in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):1-12.^,²⁴24 Cumming TB, Churilov L, Linden T, Bernhardt J. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-mental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(2):122-9.^,⁴¹41 Zhou A, Jia J. A screen for cognitive assessments for patients with vascular cognitive impairment no dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24(12):1352-7.^,⁴⁵45 Xu Q, Cao WW, Mi JH, Yu L, Lin Y, Li YS. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease: a comparison study of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment with the Mini-mental State Examination. Eur Neurol. 2014;71(3-4):106-14.^,⁴⁶46 Shen YJ, Wang WA, Huang FD, Chen J, Liu HY, Xia YL, et al. The use of MMSE and MoCA in patients with acute ischemic stroke in clinical. Int J Neurosci. 2016;126(5):442-7. SE (relation with criteria),⁴²42 Dong Y, Venketasubramanian N, Chan BP-L, Sharma VK, Slavin MJ, Collinson SL, et al. Brief screening tests during acute admission in patients with mild stroke are predictive of vascular cognitive impairment 3-6 months after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:580-5.SE/SP (relation with criteria),⁴³43 Dong YH, Slavin MJ, Chan BPL, Venketasubramanian N, Sharma VK, Collinson SL, et al. Improving screening for vascular cognitive impairment at three to six months after mild ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Int Psychogeriatrics. 2014;26(5):787-93.^,⁴⁶46 Shen YJ, Wang WA, Huang FD, Chen J, Liu HY, Xia YL, et al. The use of MMSE and MoCA in patients with acute ischemic stroke in clinical. Int J Neurosci. 2016;126(5):442-7. predictive validity (relation with criteria),²⁴24 Cumming TB, Churilov L, Linden T, Bernhardt J. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-mental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(2):122-9.concurrent validity (relation with criteria),⁴⁵45 Xu Q, Cao WW, Mi JH, Yu L, Lin Y, Li YS. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease: a comparison study of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment with the Mini-mental State Examination. Eur Neurol. 2014;71(3-4):106-14.convergent validity (relation with related constructs).¹⁶16 Lin HF, Chern CM, Chen HM, Yeh YC, Yao SC, Huang MF, et al. Validation of NINDS-VCI neuropsychology protocols for vascular cognitive impairment in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):1-12.,⁴⁵45 Xu Q, Cao WW, Mi JH, Yu L, Lin Y, Li YS. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease: a comparison study of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment with the Mini-mental State Examination. Eur Neurol. 2014;71(3-4):106-14.	SE/SP (relation with criteria),⁶6 Nys GMS, Van Zandvoort MJE, De Kort PLM, Jansen BPW, Kappelle LJ, De Haan EHF. Restrictions of the Mini-Mental State Examination in acute stroke. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;20(5):623-9. convergent validity (relation with related constructs),³⁷37 Te Winkel-Witlox ACM, Post MWM, Visser-Meily JMA, Lindeman E. Efficient screening of cognitive dysfunction in stroke patients: comparison between the CAMCOG and the R-CAMCOG, Mini Mental State Examination and Functional Independence Measure-cognition score. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(18):1386-91.^,⁴⁰40 Pendlebury ST, Cuthbertson FC, Welch SJ V., Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Underestimation of cognitive impairment by Mini-Mental State Examination versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in patients with transient ischemic attack and stroke: a population-based study. Stroke. 2010;41(6):1290-3. predictive validity (relation with criteria),⁴²42 Dong Y, Venketasubramanian N, Chan BP-L, Sharma VK, Slavin MJ, Collinson SL, et al. Brief screening tests during acute admission in patients with mild stroke are predictive of vascular cognitive impairment 3-6 months after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:580-5.^,⁴⁴44 Dong Y, Slavin MJ, Chan BP-L, Venketasubramanian N, Sharma VK, Crawford JD, et al. Cognitive screening improves the predictive value of stroke severity scores for functional outcome 3-6 months after mild stroke and transient ischaemic attack: an observational study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(9):e003105. SP(relation with criteria),⁴²42 Dong Y, Venketasubramanian N, Chan BP-L, Sharma VK, Slavin MJ, Collinson SL, et al. Brief screening tests during acute admission in patients with mild stroke are predictive of vascular cognitive impairment 3-6 months after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:580-5. SE (relation with criteria).²⁴24 Cumming TB, Churilov L, Linden T, Bernhardt J. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-mental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(2):122-9.^,⁴⁵45 Xu Q, Cao WW, Mi JH, Yu L, Lin Y, Li YS. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease: a comparison study of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment with the Mini-mental State Examination. Eur Neurol. 2014;71(3-4):106-14.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)	Comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria), ²⁰20 Freitas S, Simões MR, Alves L, Vicente M, Santana I. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): validation study for vascular dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(6):1031-40.^,²⁴24 Cumming TB, Churilov L, Linden T, Bernhardt J. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-mental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(2):122-9.^,⁴⁵45 Xu Q, Cao WW, Mi JH, Yu L, Lin Y, Li YS. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease: a comparison study of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment with the Mini-mental State Examination. Eur Neurol. 2014;71(3-4):106-14.^,⁴⁶46 Shen YJ, Wang WA, Huang FD, Chen J, Liu HY, Xia YL, et al. The use of MMSE and MoCA in patients with acute ischemic stroke in clinical. Int J Neurosci. 2016;126(5):442-7.^,⁴⁹49 Salvadori E, Pasi M, Poggesi A, Chiti G, Inzitari D, Pantoni L. Predictive value of MoCA in the acute phase of stroke on the diagnosis of mid-term cognitive impairment. J Neurol. 2013;260(9):2220-7.^,⁵³53 Sahathevan R, Ali KM, Ellery F, Mohamad NF, Hamdan N, Ibrahim NM, et al. A Bahasa Malaysia version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: validation in stroke. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(5):781-6.^,⁵⁸58 Wu Y, Wang M, Ren M, Xu W. The effects of educational background on Montreal Cognitive Assessment screening for vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia, caused by ischemic stroke. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20(10):1406-10.^,⁶¹61 Wong A, Xiong YY, Kwan PWL, Chan AYY, Lam WWM, Wang K, et al. The validity, reliability and clinical utility of the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28(1):81-7.SE/SP (relation with criteria),¹⁸18 Dong Y, Xu J, Chan BP-L, Seet RCS, Venketasubramanian N, Teoh HL, et al. The Montreal cognitive assessment is superior to national institute of neurological disease and stroke-Canadian stroke network 5-minute protocol in predicting vascular cognitive impairment at 1 year. BMC Neurol. 2016;16(1):46.^,⁴³43 Dong YH, Slavin MJ, Chan BPL, Venketasubramanian N, Sharma VK, Collinson SL, et al. Improving screening for vascular cognitive impairment at three to six months after mild ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Int Psychogeriatrics. 2014;26(5):787-93.^,⁴⁵45 Xu Q, Cao WW, Mi JH, Yu L, Lin Y, Li YS. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease: a comparison study of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment with the Mini-mental State Examination. Eur Neurol. 2014;71(3-4):106-14.^,⁴⁶46 Shen YJ, Wang WA, Huang FD, Chen J, Liu HY, Xia YL, et al. The use of MMSE and MoCA in patients with acute ischemic stroke in clinical. Int J Neurosci. 2016;126(5):442-7.^,⁵⁴54 Zuo L, Dong Y, Zhu R, Jin Z, Li Z, Wang Y, et al. Screening for cognitive impairment with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Chinese patients with acute mild stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a validation study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7):e011310.^,⁵⁶56 You J-S, Chen R-Z, Zhang F-M, Zhou Z-Y, Cai Y-F, Li G-F. The chinese (cantonese) montreal cognitive assessment in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2011;1(1):276-82.^,⁵⁷57 Wong GKC, Lam SW, Wong A, Ngai K, Poon WS, Mok V. Comparison of Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination in evaluating cognitive domain deficit following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):1-7.^,⁵⁸58 Wu Y, Wang M, Ren M, Xu W. The effects of educational background on Montreal Cognitive Assessment screening for vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia, caused by ischemic stroke. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20(10):1406-10.^,⁵⁹59 Wong GKC, Lam S, Ngai K, Wong A, Mok V, Poon WS. Evaluation of cognitive impairment by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: prevalence, risk factors and correlations with 3 month outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(11):1112-7.^,⁶¹61 Wong A, Xiong YY, Kwan PWL, Chan AYY, Lam WWM, Wang K, et al. The validity, reliability and clinical utility of the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28(1):81-7. SE (relation with criteria),¹²12 Chan E, Khan S, Oliver R, Gill SK, Werring DJ, Cipolotti L. Underestimation of cognitive impairments by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in an acute stroke unit population. J Neurol Sci. 2014; 343(1-2):176-9.^,²⁴24 Cumming TB, Churilov L, Linden T, Bernhardt J. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-mental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(2):122-9.^,⁴⁸48 Godefroy O, Fickl A, Roussel M, Auribault C, Bugnicourt JM, Lamy C, et al. Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment superior to the Mini-mental State Examination to detect poststroke cognitive impairment?: A study with neuropsychological evaluation. Stroke. 2011;42(6):1712-6.^,⁴⁹49 Salvadori E, Pasi M, Poggesi A, Chiti G, Inzitari D, Pantoni L. Predictive value of MoCA in the acute phase of stroke on the diagnosis of mid-term cognitive impairment. J Neurol. 2013;260(9):2220-7.^,⁶²62 Dong Y, Sharma VK, Chan BPL, Venketasubramanian N, Teoh HL, Seet RCS, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of vascular cognitive impairment after acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2010;299(1-2):15-8. SP(relation with criteria),²⁰20 Freitas S, Simões MR, Alves L, Vicente M, Santana I. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): validation study for vascular dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(6):1031-40.convergent validity (relation with related constructs),²⁰20 Freitas S, Simões MR, Alves L, Vicente M, Santana I. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): validation study for vascular dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(6):1031-40.^,⁴⁵45 Xu Q, Cao WW, Mi JH, Yu L, Lin Y, Li YS. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease: a comparison study of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment with the Mini-mental State Examination. Eur Neurol. 2014;71(3-4):106-14.^,⁴⁹49 Salvadori E, Pasi M, Poggesi A, Chiti G, Inzitari D, Pantoni L. Predictive value of MoCA in the acute phase of stroke on the diagnosis of mid-term cognitive impairment. J Neurol. 2013;260(9):2220-7.^,⁵³53 Sahathevan R, Ali KM, Ellery F, Mohamad NF, Hamdan N, Ibrahim NM, et al. A Bahasa Malaysia version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: validation in stroke. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(5):781-6.^,⁵⁵55 Tu Q-Y, Jin H, Ding B-R, Yang X, Lei Z-H, Bai S, et al. Reliability, validity, and optimal cutoff score of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Changsha version) in ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients of hunan province, China. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2013;3(1):25-36.^,⁵⁶56 You J-S, Chen R-Z, Zhang F-M, Zhou Z-Y, Cai Y-F, Li G-F. The chinese (cantonese) montreal cognitive assessment in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2011;1(1):276-82.^,⁶¹61 Wong A, Xiong YY, Kwan PWL, Chan AYY, Lam WWM, Wang K, et al. The validity, reliability and clinical utility of the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28(1):81-7. inter-rater (internal-consistency reliability),²⁰20 Freitas S, Simões MR, Alves L, Vicente M, Santana I. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): validation study for vascular dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(6):1031-40.^,⁵⁵55 Tu Q-Y, Jin H, Ding B-R, Yang X, Lei Z-H, Bai S, et al. Reliability, validity, and optimal cutoff score of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Changsha version) in ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients of hunan province, China. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2013;3(1):25-36.^,⁶¹61 Wong A, Xiong YY, Kwan PWL, Chan AYY, Lam WWM, Wang K, et al. The validity, reliability and clinical utility of the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28(1):81-7. predictive validity (relation with criteria),¹⁸18 Dong Y, Xu J, Chan BP-L, Seet RCS, Venketasubramanian N, Teoh HL, et al. The Montreal cognitive assessment is superior to national institute of neurological disease and stroke-Canadian stroke network 5-minute protocol in predicting vascular cognitive impairment at 1 year. BMC Neurol. 2016;16(1):46.^,²⁴24 Cumming TB, Churilov L, Linden T, Bernhardt J. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-mental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(2):122-9.^,²⁶26 Wong GKC, Lam SW, Wong A, Mok V, Siu D, Ngai K, et al. Early MoCA-assessed cognitive impairment after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and relationship to 1-year functional outcome. Transl Stroke Res. 2014;5(2):286-91.^,⁴²42 Dong Y, Venketasubramanian N, Chan BP-L, Sharma VK, Slavin MJ, Collinson SL, et al. Brief screening tests during acute admission in patients with mild stroke are predictive of vascular cognitive impairment 3-6 months after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:580-5.concurrent validity (relation with criteria),⁴⁵45 Xu Q, Cao WW, Mi JH, Yu L, Lin Y, Li YS. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease: a comparison study of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment with the Mini-mental State Examination. Eur Neurol. 2014;71(3-4):106-14.^,⁵³53 Sahathevan R, Ali KM, Ellery F, Mohamad NF, Hamdan N, Ibrahim NM, et al. A Bahasa Malaysia version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: validation in stroke. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(5):781-6.^,⁶¹61 Wong A, Xiong YY, Kwan PWL, Chan AYY, Lam WWM, Wang K, et al. The validity, reliability and clinical utility of the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28(1):81-7.correlation (internal consistence reliability),⁵⁵55 Tu Q-Y, Jin H, Ding B-R, Yang X, Lei Z-H, Bai S, et al. Reliability, validity, and optimal cutoff score of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Changsha version) in ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients of hunan province, China. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2013;3(1):25-36.test-retest (temporal stability reliability).⁵⁵55 Tu Q-Y, Jin H, Ding B-R, Yang X, Lei Z-H, Bai S, et al. Reliability, validity, and optimal cutoff score of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Changsha version) in ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients of hunan province, China. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2013;3(1):25-36.^,⁶¹61 Wong A, Xiong YY, Kwan PWL, Chan AYY, Lam WWM, Wang K, et al. The validity, reliability and clinical utility of the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28(1):81-7.	Concurrent validity (relation with criteria),¹²12 Chan E, Khan S, Oliver R, Gill SK, Werring DJ, Cipolotti L. Underestimation of cognitive impairments by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in an acute stroke unit population. J Neurol Sci. 2014; 343(1-2):176-9.^,⁴⁷47 Van Der Wijst E, Wright J, Steultjens E. The suitability of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a screening tool to identify people with dysfunction in occupational performance after mild stroke. Br J Occup Ther. 2014;77(10):526-32. SP(relation with criteria),¹²12 Chan E, Khan S, Oliver R, Gill SK, Werring DJ, Cipolotti L. Underestimation of cognitive impairments by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in an acute stroke unit population. J Neurol Sci. 2014; 343(1-2):176-9.^,⁴²42 Dong Y, Venketasubramanian N, Chan BP-L, Sharma VK, Slavin MJ, Collinson SL, et al. Brief screening tests during acute admission in patients with mild stroke are predictive of vascular cognitive impairment 3-6 months after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:580-5.^,⁴⁸48 Godefroy O, Fickl A, Roussel M, Auribault C, Bugnicourt JM, Lamy C, et al. Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment superior to the Mini-mental State Examination to detect poststroke cognitive impairment?: A study with neuropsychological evaluation. Stroke. 2011;42(6):1712-6.^,⁴⁹49 Salvadori E, Pasi M, Poggesi A, Chiti G, Inzitari D, Pantoni L. Predictive value of MoCA in the acute phase of stroke on the diagnosis of mid-term cognitive impairment. J Neurol. 2013;260(9):2220-7.^,⁶²62 Dong Y, Sharma VK, Chan BPL, Venketasubramanian N, Teoh HL, Seet RCS, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of vascular cognitive impairment after acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2010;299(1-2):15-8. SE (relation with criteria),²⁰20 Freitas S, Simões MR, Alves L, Vicente M, Santana I. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): validation study for vascular dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(6):1031-40.predictive validity (relation with criteria),²⁵25 Wong GKC, Lam SW, Wong A, Lai M, Siu D, Poon WS, et al. MoCA-assessed cognitive function and excellent outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage at 1 year. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21(5):725-30.^,⁵⁰50 Geubbels HJB, Nusselein BAM, Van Heugten CM, Valentijn SAM, Rasquin SMC. Can the Montreal Cognitive Assessment predict discharge destination in a stroke population in the hospital? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24(5):1094-9.convergent validity (relation with related constructs).⁵⁹59 Wong GKC, Lam S, Ngai K, Wong A, Mok V, Poon WS. Evaluation of cognitive impairment by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: prevalence, risk factors and correlations with 3 month outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(11):1112-7.
miniMoCA	SE/SP (relation with criteria),⁵¹51 Campbell N, Rice D, Friedman L, Speechley M, Teasell RW. Screening and facilitating further assessment for cognitive impairment after stroke: application of a shortened Montreal Cognitive Assessment (miniMoCA). Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(6):601-4.convergent validity (relation with related constructs).⁵¹51 Campbell N, Rice D, Friedman L, Speechley M, Teasell RW. Screening and facilitating further assessment for cognitive impairment after stroke: application of a shortened Montreal Cognitive Assessment (miniMoCA). Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(6):601-4.
MoCA (by telephone)	Comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria),¹⁹19 Chen X, Fan X, Zhao L, Duan L, Wang Z, Han Y, et al. Telephone-based cognitive screening for stroke patients in china. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27(12):2079-85.^,⁶⁰60 Wong A, Nyenhuis D, Black SE, Law LSN, Lo ESK, Kwan PWL, et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-Minute protocol is a brief, valid, reliable, and feasible cognitive screen for telephone administration. Stroke. 2015;46(4):1059-64. SE/SP (relation with criteria),¹⁹19 Chen X, Fan X, Zhao L, Duan L, Wang Z, Han Y, et al. Telephone-based cognitive screening for stroke patients in china. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27(12):2079-85.^,⁵²52 Pendlebury ST, Welch SJ V, Cuthbertson FC, Mariz J, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Telephone assessment of cognition after transient ischemic attack and stroke: modified telephone interview of cognitive status and telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment versus face-to-face Montreal Cognitive Assessment and neuropsychological battery. Stroke. 2013;44(1):227-9.^,⁶⁰60 Wong A, Nyenhuis D, Black SE, Law LSN, Lo ESK, Kwan PWL, et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-Minute protocol is a brief, valid, reliable, and feasible cognitive screen for telephone administration. Stroke. 2015;46(4):1059-64. convergent validity (relation with related constructs),⁶⁰60 Wong A, Nyenhuis D, Black SE, Law LSN, Lo ESK, Kwan PWL, et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-Minute protocol is a brief, valid, reliable, and feasible cognitive screen for telephone administration. Stroke. 2015;46(4):1059-64. concurrent validity (relation with criteria),⁶⁰60 Wong A, Nyenhuis D, Black SE, Law LSN, Lo ESK, Kwan PWL, et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-Minute protocol is a brief, valid, reliable, and feasible cognitive screen for telephone administration. Stroke. 2015;46(4):1059-64.test-retest (temporal stability reliability),⁶⁰60 Wong A, Nyenhuis D, Black SE, Law LSN, Lo ESK, Kwan PWL, et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-Minute protocol is a brief, valid, reliable, and feasible cognitive screen for telephone administration. Stroke. 2015;46(4):1059-64.inter-rater (internal consistency reliability).⁶⁰60 Wong A, Nyenhuis D, Black SE, Law LSN, Lo ESK, Kwan PWL, et al. Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-Minute protocol is a brief, valid, reliable, and feasible cognitive screen for telephone administration. Stroke. 2015;46(4):1059-64.
Northwick Park Examination of Cognition (NPEC)	Comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria),⁶³63 Williams PM, Johnson C, Swan S, Barber C, Murphy P, Devine J, et al. The Northwick Park Examination of Cognition: a brief cognitive assessment tool for use in acute stroke services. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2016;23(7): 314-22.SE/SP (relation with criteria).⁶³63 Williams PM, Johnson C, Swan S, Barber C, Murphy P, Devine J, et al. The Northwick Park Examination of Cognition: a brief cognitive assessment tool for use in acute stroke services. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2016;23(7): 314-22.
Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS)	Convergent and discriminant validity (relation with related constructs),⁹9 Demeyere N, Riddoch MJ, Slavkova ED, Bickerton W-L, Humphreys GW. The Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS): validation of a stroke-specific short cognitive screening tool. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(3):883-94.SE/SP (relation with criteria),⁹9 Demeyere N, Riddoch MJ, Slavkova ED, Bickerton W-L, Humphreys GW. The Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS): validation of a stroke-specific short cognitive screening tool. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(3):883-94. test-retest (temporal stability reliability),⁹9 Demeyere N, Riddoch MJ, Slavkova ED, Bickerton W-L, Humphreys GW. The Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS): validation of a stroke-specific short cognitive screening tool. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(3):883-94. concurrent validity (relation with criteria),⁶⁴64 Demeyere N, Riddoch MJ, Slavkova ED, Jones K, Reckless I, Mathieson P, et al. Domain-specific versus generalized cognitive screening in acute stroke. J Neurol. 2016;263(2):306-15. comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria).⁶⁴64 Demeyere N, Riddoch MJ, Slavkova ED, Jones K, Reckless I, Mathieson P, et al. Domain-specific versus generalized cognitive screening in acute stroke. J Neurol. 2016;263(2):306-15.
Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)	Convergent and discriminant validity (relation with related constructs),⁶⁵65 Larson E, Kirschner K, Bode R, Heinemann A, Goodman R. Construct and predictive validity of the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status in the evaluation of stroke patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005;27(1):16-32. predictive validity (relation with criteria).⁶⁵65 Larson E, Kirschner K, Bode R, Heinemann A, Goodman R. Construct and predictive validity of the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status in the evaluation of stroke patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005;27(1):16-32.
Rotterdam CAMCOG (R-CAMCOG)	Convergent validity (relation with related constructs)³⁷37 Te Winkel-Witlox ACM, Post MWM, Visser-Meily JMA, Lindeman E. Efficient screening of cognitive dysfunction in stroke patients: comparison between the CAMCOG and the R-CAMCOG, Mini Mental State Examination and Functional Independence Measure-cognition score. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(18):1386-91.
Screening Instrument for Neuropsychological Impairments in Stroke (SINS)	Convergent validity (relation with related constructs)⁷7 Nøkleby K, Boland E, Bergersen H, Schanke A-K, Farner L, Wagle J, et al. Screening for cognitive deficits after stroke: a comparison of three screening tools. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1095-104.	SE/SP (relation with criteria)⁷7 Nøkleby K, Boland E, Bergersen H, Schanke A-K, Farner L, Wagle J, et al. Screening for cognitive deficits after stroke: a comparison of three screening tools. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1095-104.
Six-item Screener (SIS - by telephone)	Comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria)¹⁹19 Chen X, Fan X, Zhao L, Duan L, Wang Z, Han Y, et al. Telephone-based cognitive screening for stroke patients in china. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27(12):2079-85.	SE/SP (relation with criteria)¹⁹19 Chen X, Fan X, Zhao L, Duan L, Wang Z, Han Y, et al. Telephone-based cognitive screening for stroke patients in china. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27(12):2079-85.
Weigl's Colour-Form Sorting Test (WCFT)	Convergent validity (relation with related constructs),⁶⁶66 Hobson P, Meara J, Taylor C. The Weigl Colour-Form Sorting Test: A quick and easily administered bedside screen for dementia and executive dysfunction. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(9):909-15. comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria).⁶⁶66 Hobson P, Meara J, Taylor C. The Weigl Colour-Form Sorting Test: A quick and easily administered bedside screen for dementia and executive dysfunction. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(9):909-15.
Zürich Maxi Mental Status Inventory (ZüMAX)	Comparison between contrasting groups (relation with criteria),⁶⁷67 Tobler-Ammann BC, de Bruin ED, Brugger P, de Bie RA, Knols RH. The Zürich Maxi Mental Status Inventory (ZüMAX): test-retest reliability and discriminant validity in stroke survivors. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2016;29(2):78-90. test-retest (temporal stability reliability).⁶⁷67 Tobler-Ammann BC, de Bruin ED, Brugger P, de Bie RA, Knols RH. The Zürich Maxi Mental Status Inventory (ZüMAX): test-retest reliability and discriminant validity in stroke survivors. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2016;29(2):78-90.

Screening	Episodic memory	Language	Orientation	Executive functions	Attention	Visuo- construction	Perception	Praxis	Abstraction	Arithmetic	Processing speed
Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R)	X		X	X	X	X
Barrow Neurological Institute Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions (BNIS)	X	X	X		X		X
Birmingham Cognitive Screen (BCoS)	X	X		X	X			X		X
Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET)	X		X	X							X
Brief Neuropsychological Screening (BNS)	X	X			X		X	X	X	X
Clock Drawing Test (CDT)						X	X
Cog-4		X	X	X	X
Cognistat	X	X	X	X	X	X				X
Cognitive Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (CASP)	X	X	X	X		X		X
Functional Independence Measure (FIM Cognitive)	X	X		X
Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental State (MEAMS)	X	X	X	X			X
Mild Vascular Cognitive Impairment Assessment tool for Stroke (MVCI)	X	X	X	X	X		X		X
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)	X	X	X		X	X				X
MiniMoCA - Montreal Cognitive Assessment(miniMoCA)	X			X		X			X
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)	X	X	X	X	X
MoCA (by telephone)	X		X	X	X
MoCA (Hong Kong)		X	X	X	X
MoCA (Singaporean)	X	X	X	X	X	X			X
Northwick Park Examination of Cognition (NPEC)	X	X	X	X			X
Oxford Cognitive Screening (OCS)	X	X	X		X		X	X		X
Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)	X	X			X	X
Rotterdam CAMCOG (R-CAMCOG)	X		X				X		X
Screening Instrument for Neuropsychological Impairments in Stroke (SINS)		X				X		X
Six-item Screener (SIS)	X		X
Weigl's Colour-Form Sorting Test (WCFT)									X
Zürich Maxi Mental Status Inventory (ZüMAX)	X	X		X		X	X	X

Academia Brasileira de Neurologia, Departamento de Neurologia Cognitiva e Envelhecimento R. Vergueiro, 1353 sl.1404 - Ed. Top Towers Offices, Torre Norte, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, CEP 04101-000, Tel.: +55 11 5084-9463 | +55 11 5083-3876 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revistadementia@abneuro.org.br | demneuropsy@uol.com.br

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[1] Jaqueline de Carvalho Rodrigues. Instituto de Psicologia - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 / sala 114 / Bairro Santana - 90035-003 Porto Alegre RS - Brazil. E-mail: jaquecarvalhorodrigues@gmail.com