Kertesz et al., 200022. Kertesz A, Martinez-Lage P, Davidson W, Munoz D. The corticobasal degeneration syndrome overlaps progressive aphasia and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2000;55(9):1368-75. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.55.9.1368 https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.55.9.1368...
|
Initially, only word finding difficulties; verbal apraxia in 3/35 patients |
WAB |
Comprehensive assessment |
High |
Frattali et al., 20004242. Frattali CM, Grafman J, Patronas N, Makhlouf F, Litvan I. Language disturbances in corticobasal degeneration. Neurology. 2000;54(4):990-2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.54.4.990 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/...
|
Anomic, Broca's and transcortical motor aphasia |
WAB (1st section) |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Graham et al., 20035050. Graham NL, Bak T, Patterson K, Hodges JR. Language function and dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration. Neurology. 2003;61(4):493-9. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000081230.09863.ed https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.000008123...
|
Specific linguistic deficit involving phonologic processing |
Letter fluency (FAS), semantic fluency, picture naming, word-picture matching, PPT, Single-word reading (The surface list), nonword reading, oral spelling, phoneme blending and phoneme segmentation |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Frattali et al., 20032626. Frattali CM, Duffy JR, Litvan I, Patsalides AD, Grafman J. Yes/no reversals as neurobehavioral sequela: A disorder of language, praxis, or inhibitory control? Eur J Neurol. 2003;10(1):103-6. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00545.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003...
|
Aphasia, without details |
WAB (1st section) |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Gorno-Tempini et al., 20042020. Gorno-Tempini M-L, Murray RC, Rankin KP, Weiner MW, Miller BL. Clinical, cognitive and anatomical evolution from nonfluent progressive aphasia to corticobasal syndrome: a Case Report. Neurocase. 2004;10(6):426-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554790490894011 https://doi.org/10.1080/1355479049089401...
|
nf-PPA |
Motor speech evaluation, BDAE (verbal agility component, repetition), WAB (spontaneous speech section, written picture description, repetition, auditory word recognition, sequential command), BNT, PPT, CYCLE-R, PALPA (Regularity and Reading, Lexical Morphology and Grammatical Class, Homophone Decision), Gathercole and Baddeley's Non-Word Repetition task |
Comprehensive assessment |
High |
McMonagle; Blair; Kertesz, 200633. McMonagle P, Blair M, Kertesz A. Corticobasal degeneration and progressive aphasia. Neurology. 2006;67(8):1444-51. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000240215.43492.01 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.000024021...
|
Majority classification of anomic aphasia (55%) in both groups (cognitive and motor onset), but more motor onset patients were normal and more cognitive onset patients had severe aphasias |
WAB (1st section) |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
McMillan et al., 20063232. McMillan CT, Clark R, Moore P, Grossman M. Quantifier comprehension in corticobasal degeneration. Brain Cogn. 2006;62(3):250-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2006.06.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2006.06....
|
Non-aphasic patients with CBD are significantly impaired in their comprehension of quantifiers |
Sentence comprehension task |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Cotelli et al., 20062929. Cotelli M, Borroni B, Manenti R, Alberici A, Calabria M, Agosti C, et al. Action and object naming in frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Neuropsychology. 2006;20(5):558-65. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.20.5.558 https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.20.5.5...
|
Action naming is impaired in FTD, PSP and CBS in comparison to object naming |
Token Test, phonemic and semantic verbal fluency, action and object naming, Battery for Analysis of the Aphasic Deficits (action–object comprehension tasks) |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Cotelli et al., 20073030. Cotelli M, Borroni B, Manenti R, Ginex V, Calabria M, Moro A, et al. Universal grammar in the frontotemporal dementia spectrum: evidence of a selective disorder in the corticobasal degeneration syndrome. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(13):3015-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsycholog...
|
CBS patients present with syntactic knowledge deficits |
AAT (repetition, naming, writing and comprehension), BADA (sentence comprehension tasks) |
Comprehensive assessment |
Moderate |
Donovan et al., 20072323. Donovan NJ, Kendall DL, Moore AB, Rosenbek JC, Rothi LJG. Why consider impaired social language usage in a case of corticobasal degeneration? Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;21(1):190-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040600634584 https://doi.org/10.1080/1385404060063458...
|
Aphasia, speech apraxia, alexia, agraphia, social language usage deficits |
Pragmatic Protocol, Revised Token Test, WAB, BNT, Battery of Adult Reading Function, Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests, Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing |
Comprehensive assessment |
High |
Koenig et al., 20072828. Koenig P, Smith EE, Moore P, Glosser G, Grossman M. Categorization of novel animals by patients with Alzheimer's disease and corticobasal degeneration. Neuropsychology. 2007;21(2):193-206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.193 https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.1...
|
CBS patients were impaired in similarity-based categorization process |
Semantic decision task |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Silveri and Ciccarelli, 20073131. Silveri MC, Ciccarelli N. The deficit for the word-class “verb” in corticobasal degeneration: Linguistic expression of the movement disorder? Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(11):2570-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsycholog...
|
Hypofluent speech, agrammatism, anomia, word-finding difficulties, agraphia |
Confrontation naming task of objects and verbs, semantic and phonemic fluency |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Halpern et al., 20072727. Halpern C, Clark R, Moore P, Cross K, Grossman M. Too much to count on: Impaired very small numbers in corticobasal degeneration. Brain Cogn. 2007;64(2):144-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2007.01.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2007.01....
|
CBS patients were less accurate and slower at judging smaller Arabic numeral dot array compared to FTD patients and controls |
PPT |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Kim et al., 20084545. Kim SK, Park KW, Kang D-Y, Cha JK, Kim S-H, Kim JW. Severe Episodic Memory Impairment in a Patient with Clinical Features Compatible with Corticobasal Degeneration. J Clin Neurol. 2008;4(2):94. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2008.4.2.94 https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2008.4.2.94...
|
Language functions relatively preserved |
BNT |
Restricted assessment |
Low |
Shelley et al., 20091212. Shelley BP, Hodges JR, Kipps CM, Xuereb JH, Bak TH. Is the pathology of corticobasal syndrome predictable in life? Mov Disord. 2009;24(11):1593-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22558 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22558...
|
nf-PPA |
n/a |
No tests or language skills are mentioned |
Low |
Gross et al., 20102424. Gross RG, Ash S, McMillan CT, Gunawardena D, Powers C, Libon DJ, et al. Impaired Information Integration Contributes to Communication Difficulty in Corticobasal Syndrome. Gon Bahv Neurol. 2010;23(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181c5e2f8 https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181c5...
|
CBS patients have a higher-level deficit integrating described events into a coherent narrative |
BNT, PPT |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Valverde et al., 20113535. Valverde AH, Costa S, Timoteo Â, Ginestal R, Pimentel J. Rapidly progressive corticobasal degeneration syndrome. Case Rep Neurol. 2011;3(2):185-90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000329820 https://doi.org/10.1159/000329820...
|
Aphasic, without details |
n/a |
No tests or language skills are mentioned |
Moderate |
Borroni et al., 20114747. Borroni B, Premi E, Agosti C, Alberici A, Cerini C, Archetti S, et al. CSF Alzheimer's disease-like pattern in corticobasal syndrome: Evidence for a distinct disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82(8):834-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2010.221853 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2010.221853...
|
The AD-like group showed greater impairment of memory performances, language and psychomotor speed while the nAD-like group had more severe extrapyramidal syndrome |
Semantic and phonemic verbal fluency, Token Test, |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Troiani et al., 20113333. Troiani V, Clark R, Grossman M. Impaired verbal comprehension of quantifiers in corticobasal syndrome. Neuropsychology. 2011;25(2):159-65. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021448 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021448...
|
CBS patients were significantly impaired in their judgments of quantified statements |
Philadelphia Brief Assessment of Cognition (used to exclude aphasic patients), BNT, phonemic verbal fluency (FAS), Oral Sentence Comprehension Test, short sentence comprehension task |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Passov et al., 20113636. Passov V, Gavrilova RH, Strand E, Cerhan JH, Josephs KA. Sporadic corticobasal syndrome with progranulin mutation presenting as progressive apraxic agraphia. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(3):376-80. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.26 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011....
|
Mild apraxia of speech, mild hypokinetic dysarthria, apraxic agraphia |
“Formal speech pathology evaluation”; picture description task; confrontation naming task; comprehension of simple and complex commands; writing; spelling; motor speech disorders |
Comprehensive assessment |
High |
Dopper et al., 20114141. Dopper EGP, Seelaar H, Chiu WZ, De Koning I, Van Minkelen R, Baker MC, et al. Symmetrical corticobasal syndrome caused by a novel c.314dup progranulin mutation. J Mol Neurosci. 2011;45(3):354-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-011-9626-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-011-9626-...
|
nonfluent speech with perseverations, word-finding difficulties and comprehension deficits, hypokinetic dysarthria |
n/a |
No tests or language skills are mentioned |
Moderate |
Caso et al., 20122121. Caso F, Onofrio F, Falautano M, Todeschini P, Migliaccio R, Comi G, et al. From primary progressive aphasia to corticobasal syndrome: two clinical and rCBF functional reports. Neurocase. 2012;19(2):1-7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2012.667117 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...
|
nf-PPA, L-PPA |
AAT, Token Test, phonemic and semantic verbal fluency |
Comprehensive assessment |
High |
Assal et al., 20123737. Assal F, Laganaro M, Remund CD, Paquier CR. Progressive crossed-apraxia of speech as a first manifestation of a probable corticobasal degeneration. Behav Neurol. 2012;25(4):285-9. https://doi.org/10.3233/BEN-2012-110219 https://doi.org/10.3233/BEN-2012-110219...
|
crossed-PAOS followed by peripheral agraphia |
Bachy 90-item battery (confrontation naming), MTL (auditory and written language comprehension, and writing), written descriptions of the Bank Robbery Picture, and the Cookie Theft Picture, and oral spelling with the French version of the WAIS III |
Comprehensive assessment |
Moderate |
Mathew et al., 201244. Mathew R, Bak TH, Hodges JR. Diagnostic criteria for corticobasal syndrome: a comparative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(4):405-10. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2011-300875 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2011-300875...
|
nf-PPA (60%) and anomic aphasia (40%) |
n/a |
No tests or language skills are mentioned |
Moderate |
Sakurai et al., 20133838. Sakurai Y, Ishii K, Sonoo M, Saito Y, Murayama S, Iwata A, et al. Progressive apraxic agraphia with micrographia presenting as corticobasal syndrome showing extensive Pittsburgh compound B uptake. J Neurol. 2013;260(8):1982-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-013-6908-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-013-6908-...
|
Progressive apraxic agraphia with micrographia, and acalculia |
WAB, reading and writing test with 100 single-character kanji and kana transcription |
Comprehensive assessment |
Moderate |
Burrell et al., 20131515. Burrell JR, Hornberger M, Villemagne VL, Rowe CC, Hodges JR. Clinical profile of PiB-positive corticobasal syndrome. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061025 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.006...
|
Impaired single word repetition (61.5%), dysgraphia (58.3%), phonological errors in spontaneous speech (46.2%), impaired sentence repetition (38.5%), and word-finding difficulty (30.8%). Agrammatism and anomia were only occasionally identified. There was a trend for greater impairment of sentence repetition in PiB-positive cases |
Motor speech disorder, phonological errors, agrammatism, word-finding difficulty, anomia, word and sentence repetition |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Turaga et al., 20135151. Turaga S, Mridula R, Borgohain R. Cerebral glucose metabolism, clinical, neuropsychological, and radiological profile in patients with corticobasal syndrome. Neurol India. 2013;61(1):7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.107916 https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.107916...
|
phonemic verbal fluency impairment |
ACE-R (phonemic verbal fluency, semantic verbal fluency, naming) |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Marshall et al., 20154040. Marshall CR, Guerreiro R, Thust S, Fletcher P, Rohrer JD, Fox NC. A novel MAPT mutation causing corticobasal syndrome led by progressive apraxia of speech. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2015;48(4):923-6. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150477 https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150477...
|
PAOS |
n/a |
No tests or language skills are mentioned |
Moderate |
Abe et al., 20161313. Abe Y, Kimura N, Goto M, Aso Y, Matsubara E. Brain perfusion in corticobasal syndrome with progressive aphasia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2016;6(1):133-41. https://doi.org/10.1159/000443329 https://doi.org/10.1159/000443329...
|
nf-PPA (34,61%) |
Standard Language Test of Aphasia |
Comprehensive assessment |
High |
Di Stefano et al., 20161616. Di Stefano F, Kas A, Habert MO, Decazes P, Lamari F, Lista S, et al. The phenotypical core of Alzheimer-related and nonrelated variants of the corticobasal syndrome: a systematic clinical, neuropsychological, imaging, and biomarker study. Alzheimer's Dement. 2016;12(7):786-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.02.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.02.0...
|
Mixed progressive aphasia, including disorders of L-PPA (anomia, sentence repetition impairment) and S-PPA (deficits in single-word comprehension) |
BDAE, picture naming test, single-word comprehension task, semantic and phonemic verbal fluency, sentence repetition test, assessment of motor speech disorders and agrammatism |
Comprehensive assessment |
High |
Ash et al., 20163434. Ash S, Ternes K, Bisbing T, Min NE, Moran E, York C, et al. Dissociation of quantifiers and object nouns in speech in focal neurodegenerative disease. Neuropsychologia. 2016;89:141-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsycholog...
|
CBS were significantly impaired in the production of quantifiers |
BNT, semantic verbal fluency, semi-structured speech sample (description of the Cookie Theft picture from the BDAE) |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Kim et al., 20162222. Kim JS, Lee GB, Hong YJ, Park KW. Corticobasal degeneration presenting as non-fluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia: a case report. Dement Neurocognitive Disord. 2016;15(2):55. https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2016.15.2.55 https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2016.15.2.5...
|
nf-PPA |
WAB, BNT, semantic and phonemic verbal fluency |
Comprehensive assessment |
High |
Magdalinou et al., 20182525. Magdalinou NK, Golden HL, Nicholas JM, Witoonpanich P, Mummery CJ, Morris HR, et al. Verbal adynamia in parkinsonian syndromes: behavioral correlates and neuroanatomical substrate. Neurocase. 2018;24(4):204-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2018.1527368 https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2018.15...
|
Impaired verbal fluency and sentence generation |
BNT, Graded Naming Test, Verb Naming Task, PALPA (sentence comprehension), Sentence Production Program for Aphasia (expressive grammar), phonemic and semantic verbal fluency, National Adult Reading Test, sentence completion tasks |
Restricted assessment |
Moderate |
Mazzon et al., 20183939. Mazzon G, Menichelli A, Fabretto A, Cattaruzza T, Manganotti P. A new MAPT deletion in a case of speech apraxia leading to corticobasal syndrome. Neurocase. 2018;24(3):140-4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2018.1492729 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...
|
Apraxia of speech, characterized by slow overall speech rate, mild dysphonia, abnormal prosody, distorted and inconsistent speech sound substitutions, segmentation of syllables in words productions, mild dysgraphia with letter substitutions and omissions |
Motor Speech Evaluation, AAT, Cookie Thief Test |
Comprehensive assessment |
High |
Dodich et al., 20191414. Dodich A, Cerami C, Inguscio E, Iannaccone S, Magnani G, Marcone A, et al. The clinico-metabolic correlates of language impairment in corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;24:102009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.1020...
|
nf-PPA, other language disorders |
Connected speech production (speech apraxia and articulation difficulties, anomia, circumlocutions, agrammatism), CAGI battery (naming and word-picture matching), phonemic and semantic controlled associations, AAT (repetition), Token Test, BADA (sentence comprehension) phonemic (P-F-L) and semantic (animals-fruits-cars) verbal fluency |
Comprehensive assessment |
High |