Table 1
Comparison of Old Baure and Modern Baure forms.
Table 3
Paunaka consonants.
Table 4
Correspondence sets.
p < *p
:
Wash -kipu : *-sipo : -kîpo, Fear -piku : *-piko : -pîko,
Bone -upe : *-ope : -ôpe.
m < *m
:
Earth mute : *móte-hi : móte, Husband -ima : *-ima : -îma,
Tapir samu : *samo : kámo.
ß < *w
:
Be, Stay -ußu : *-owo : -ôwo, Take -ße-u : *-weʔo : -wêo,
Foot -ißu : *-iwo-pe.
j < *j
:
Wife -jenu : *-jeno : -jêno, Night juti : *joti : jóti, Hair -hiju : -hijo.
n < *n
:
Tongue -pe-nene : *-nene : -nêne, Go -junu : *-jono: -jôno,
Jaguar isini : iʧini : sîni.
∅
< *ʔ
:
Hand -ßuɨ : *-woʔu : -wôʔu, Hit -eu : *-eʔo,
Soil apuke : *apókeʔe : pokéʔe.
a < *a
:
Sun saʧe : *saʧe : káʃe, Ear -ʧuka: *-ʧoka, Worm kane : *kane : kâne.
e < *e
:
Breast -ʧene: *-ʧene: -ʃêne, Back -kekɨ : *-keku : -keku,
Pet -peu, *-pero, -pêjo.
i < *i
:
Husband -ima : *-ima : -îma, Stone mai: *mari: marîpa,
Jaguar isini: *iʧini: sîni.
Table 5
Correspondence sets.
(2)
Exemplar cognate sets for each correspondence
(2a)
Paunaka u: PM *o: Terena o
Wing/shoulder -pußu: PM *-powo: -pôwo, Moon kuhe : *kohe : kohêe, Night juti: * joti: jóti,
Woman esenu: *eseno: sêno.
(2b)
Paunaka ɨ: PM *u : Terena u
Hand -ßuɨ: *-woʔu: -wôʔu, Cloud ɨku : *uko : úko, Firewood -jɨkɨ-ke : *-juku-ki : -júku, Ant kusiɨ: *koʧiru: kosîu.
Table 6
Correspondence sets.
(3)
Correspondences and exemplar cognate sets for *ts
(3a)
Paunaka s : PM *ts: Terena s
/__ *e, *i
Grandmother -use : *-otse : -ôse, Ashes sima-pa : *tsima-pa,
Red tisi : *titsi, Eyelash musipa: *motsi-pa.
(3b)
Paunaka s : PM *ʧ : Terena s
/ (*i)__*i
Jaguar isini : *iʧini: sîni, Ant kosijɨ : *koʧiru : kosîu.
(3c)
Paunaka s : PM *s : Terena s
/_ *o, *a, *e
Weed out -su : *-iso-ʔo : -íso, Garden -asane-ti : *esane-ti : isáne,
Defecate -suku : *-soko, Woman esenu : *eseno : sêno,
Mother-in-law -muse : *-ímose : -imóse.
(4)
External evidence on the phonetic character of *ts
Woman: Paunaka esenu, PM *eseno and Terena sêno.
Palikur tino (Launey, 2003, p. 233), Campa (Asháninka and Ashéninka) tsinane/ʧinane (Heitzman, 1973, p. 44), Proto-Arawakan *ʧɨna[ru] (Payne, 1991, p. 426).
cf. Early Terena <tseenŏ> ‘Weib’ (Schmidt, 1903, p. 570); <tséno> ‘Frau’ (Baldus, 1937, p. 539).
Mother-in-Law: Paunaka -muse, PM *-ímose, Terena -imóse.
Waurá -matɨ (Richards, 2015), Palikur -matru (< -matu-ru) (Launey, 2003, p. 234).
cf. Early Terena <imetse> ‘Schwiegermutter’ (Schmidt, 1903, p. 573).
Jaguar: Paunaka isini, PM *iʧini, Terena sîni.
Paresi ʧini (Rowan, 2001, p. 107), Proto-Arawakan *tsini PA (Payne, 1991, p. 409).
cf. Early Terena <tsiini> ‘Jaguar’ (Schmidt, 1903, p. 578).
Ashes: Paunaka sima-pa, PM *tsima-pa.
Campa (Asháninka, Ashéninka) tsitsi ‘fire’, tsimenkito/ʧimenkito ‘charcoal’ (Heitzman, 1973, p. 47-48), Paresi no-timi ‘my fire’ (Rowan, 2001, p. 99), Proto-Arawakan *tsɨma ‘Firewood’ (Payne, 1991, p. 403).
(5)
Correspondences and exemplar cognate sets for *ʧ and *t
(5a)
Paunaka ʧ: PM *ʧ : Ter t
/ __ *u
Head -ʧɨti : *-ʧuti : -tûti.
(5b)
Paunaka ʧ: PM *ʧ: Ter ʃ
/ __ *o,*e, *u
Know -iʧu : *-eʧo : -êʃo, Sun saʧe : *sáʧe : káʃe, Breast -ʧene: *-ʧene : -ʃêne,
Father-in-law -muʧɨku : *-ímoʧuko : -ímaʧuka.
(5c)
Paunaka t: PM *t: Ter t/__*e, *i
Earth mute : *móte-hi : móte, Pain -kuti : *-koti : -kôti, Blood -iti : *-iti : -íti, Head -ʧɨti, *-ʧuti : -tûti,
Night juti : *joti : jóti , Red tisi : *titsi.
Table 7
Correspondence sets.
(6)
Correspondences and exemplar cognate sets for *s and *h
(6a)
Paunaka s: PM *h: Ter h
/ _ *i
Fingernail -sipu : *-hipoɲo : -hîpo, Tail -ke-isi : *-ihi-ki : -îhi,
Horn/Shoulder -siɨ : *-hiʔu.
(6b)
Paunaka h: PM *h: Ter h
/ _ *i, *e, *u
Suck -uhiku : *-ohiko : -ohíko, Hair -hiju : -hijo-ʔo,
Moon kuhe : *kóhe : kohêe, Burn -ihɨe : *-íhu : -íhuwe, Grow -hɨku : *-huruko.
Table 8
Correspondence sets.
(7)
Exemplar cognate sets for *r loss in Paunaka
(7a)
Paunaka ∅: PM *r: Terena ∅
Pet peu : *péro : pêjo, Rib -himunepa : *-hirumonepa : -,
Grow -hɨku : *-huruko : -, Swallow -hikup- : *-hiriko- : -,
Body puɨ : *-poru : -.
(7b)
Paunaka ∅ : PM *r : Terena r
/ __*i
Stone mai : *mári : marîpa.
Table 9
Correspondence sets.
(8)
Exemplar cognate sets for *k
(8a)
Paunaka k: PM *k: Terena k
/__ *o, *e
Sleep -imu-ku : *-imo-ko : -imóko, Pain -kuti : *-koti : -kôti,
Ant kusijɨ : *koʧiru : kosîu, Moon kuhe : *kohe : kohêe, Soil apuke : *apokeʔe : pokéʔe.
(8b)
Paunaka k : PM *s : Terena k
/__*i
Wash -kipu : *-sipo-ko : *-kîpo, Turtle kipɨ : *sipu : -.
(8c)
Paunaka s : PM *s : Terena k
/__ *a
/__ *a
Tapir samu : *samo : kámo, Sun saʧe : *saʧe : káʃe, Hear -samu : *-samo : -kâmo.
(9)
External evidence on palatalization-triggering *a:
Tapir:
Paunaka samu, PM *samo, Terena kámo.
Bahuana kema, Yucuna hema, Proto-Campa *kemari, Piapoco éma,
Mehinaku teme, Apurinã kema, Maipure <chièma>.
Hear:
Paunaka -samu, PM *-samo, Terena -kâmo.
Palikur -timap, Baré -temuda, Bahuana -kimi-ta, Paresi -tsema,
Resígaro -heʔmɯ, Piapoco -émia-ka, Proto-Campa *-kema.
Table 10
Candidate shared innovations in Bolivia-Paraná historical phonology.
Table 11
Evidence on some Baure phonological innovations.
Table 12
Diachronic correspondences for Paunaka segments.
Cognate sets for Paunaka, Mojeño and Terena
Paunaka
Proto-Mojeño
Ignaciano
Trinitario
Terena
1
Body25
-puɨ
*-poru-mo
-paruma
-prumo
-
2
Head
-ʧɨti
*-ʧuti
-ʧuti
-ʧuti
-tûti
3
Blood
-iti
*-iti
-iti
-iti
-iti
4
Chin
-mama
*-mama
-mama
-mama
-
5
Hand
-ßuɨ
*-woʔu
-waʔu
-woʔu
-wôʔu
6
Foot26
-ißu
*-iwo-pe
-iwape
-ijpe
-
7
Mouth
-nɨkɨ
*-nuku
-nuku
-nuku
-
8
Molar (tooth)27
-haka
-
-
-
-hâka
9
Tongue
-pe-nene
*-nene
-nene
-nene
-nêne
10
Wing/Shoulder28
-pußu
*-powo-ki
-pawa-ki
-pow-çi
-pôwo
11
Horn/Shoulder
-siɨ
*-hiʔu
-hiʔu
-hiʔu
-
12
Breast
-ʧene
*-ʧene
-ʧene
-ʧene
-ʧêne
13
Back, lower29
-ʧupu-kekɨ
*-keku
-keku
-çieku
ʃúju-keku
14
bone
-upe-hi
*-ope-ra
-apera
-opera
-ôpe
15
Rib
-himunepa
*-hirumonepa
-hirumane
-hiimonepa
-
16
Fingernail
-sipu
*-hipoɲo
-hipaɲa
-hipɲo
-hîpo
17
Eyelash
-musipa
*-motsi-pa
-matsi
-motsi-pa
-
18
Hair
-hiju
*-hijo-ʔo
-hija-ʔa
-hijo-ʔo
(-puhíʔo )
19
Eye30
-ßɨke
*-uki-ʔa
-uki-ʔa
-uç-ʔa
-ûke
20
Ear
-ʧuka
*-ʧoka
-ʧaka
-ʧoka
-
21
Tail
-ke-isi
*-ihi-ki
-ihi-ki
-ih-çi
-îhi
22
Meat/flesh
-eʧe
*-eʧe
-eʧe
-eʧe
-
23
Belly (Inside)31
-hɨe-ki
*-huʔe
-huʔe
-huʔe
-
24
Wife
-jenu
*-jeno
-jena
-jeno
-jêno
25
Husband
-ima
*-ima
-ima
-ima
-îma
26
Brother
-ati
*-ati
-ati
-ati
-âti
27
Son
-ʧiʧa
*-ʧiʧa
-ʧiʧa
-ʧiʧa
-ʃeʔéʃa
28
Daughter
-hine-pɨi
-
-
-
-ihíne
29
Woman32
esenu
*eseno
esena
ʔseno
sêno
30
Grandmother
-use
*-otse
-atse
-otse
-ôse
31
Mother
-enu
*-eno
-ena
-eno
-êno
32
Uncle33
kɨku
*(e)kuko
-ékuka
<cuco, necuco> (OM)
-eúko
33
Mother-in-law
-muse
*-ímose
-ímase
-imse
-imóse
34
Father-in-law
-muʧɨku
*-ímoʧuko
-ímaʧuka
-imʧuko
-imóʃuko
35
Water
ɨne
*úne
une
une
úne
36
Sky
anɨ-mo
*anú-mo
anuma
anumo
wanúke
37
Cloud/rain34
ɨku
*úko-hi
uka-hi
uko-hi
úko
38
Moon
kuhe
*kóhe
kahe
kohe
kohêe
39
Sun
saʧe
*sáʧe
saʧe
saʧe
káʃe
40
Night
juti
*jóti
jati
joti
jóti
41
Stone
mai
*mári
mari
mari
marîpa
42
Earth35
mute-
*móte-hi
mátehi
mótehi
móte
43
Soil
apuke
*apókeʔe
apakeʔe
ʔpóçʔe
pokéʔe
44
Path
-uʧene ~ -ʧene
*-oʧene ~ -ʧene
aʧene
ʔʧene
-oʃéne, ʃêne
45
Ashes36
sima-pa
*tsima-pa
tsima-pa
tsma-pa
-
46
Forest
kimenu
*simeno
simena
smeno
-
47
Firewood (fire)
jɨkɨ-ke
*juku-ki
juku-ki
jkuçi
juku
48
Garden
asane-ti ‘field’
*esane-ti
ésane-ti
ésane
isáne
49
Potato37
kuepi
*koere
kaere
kaere
koʔêe
50
Manioc
kɨhɨ-pi
*kuhu
kuhu
kuh-pa
-
51
Pet
-peu
*-pero
-pera
-pero
-pêjo
52
Fish
himu
*himo
hima
himo
-
53
Snake
keʧue
*kiʧore
kiʧare
ççiore
koéʃoe
54
Turtle
kipɨ
*sipu
sipu
sipu (Rose, personal communication)
-
55
Tapir
samu
*sámo
sama
samo
kámo
56
Capybara
ɨʧɨ
*uʧu
uʧu
uʧu
-
57
Monkey
iju
*ijo
ija
ijo
-
58
Paca
jupu
*jopo
japa
jopo
-
59
Jaguar
isini
*iʧíni
iʧíni
ʔʧíni
sîni
60
Duck
upuhi
*upóhi
upahi
ʔpohi
pôhi
61
Wasp
hane
*háne
hane
hane
háne
62
Bee, wax38
ipiti-umu
<ypiti> (OM)
-
-
pîti ~ -ípiti
63
Mosquito
anißɨ
*aniʔu
aniʔu
ʔɲiʔu
nîu
64
Louse
ine
*-iɲe
-iɲe
-iɲe
ɲâ-ti
65
Ant
kusiɨ
*koʧiru
kaʧiru
kʧiru
kosîu
66
Spider
samatɨ
*samatu
samatu
smatu (Rose, personal communication)
-
67
Bat
ßite
*wíte
wite
wite
witête
68
Worm
kane
*kane
(uʧepi)
kane
kâne
69
Be, stay
-ußu
*-owo
-owo
-owo
-owo
70
Speak
-keʧu
-
-
-
-kíʃo
71
Tell
-kuetea
*-koʔe
-kaʔe
-koʔe
-kôʔe
72
Eat
-niku
*-niko
-nika
-niko
-nîko
73
Suck39
-uhiku
*-ohiko
-áhika
-ohko
-ohíko
74
Laugh
-ku
*-eko-wo
-ékawa
-ekowo
-éko-wo
75
Cry
-ju
*-íjo-ʔo
-íja-ʔa
-íjoʔo
-íjo
76
Swallow
-hikup-u
*-hiriko
-hirika
-hiiko
-huiri-ko (??)
77
Pain/hurt
-kuti
*-koti
-kati
-koti
-kôti
78
Ripe
-ju
*-jo-ʔo
-jaʔa
-joʔo
-
79
Red
tisi
*titsi-
titsi-
titsi
-
80
Hit
e-u
*-e-ʔo
-eʔa
-eʔo
-
81
Fall
-ßenupu
*-wenopo
-wenapa
-wenopo
-
82
Grind
-jɨßaika
*-juwa-ko
-juwaka
-juwako
júʃu ‘mortar’
83
Go
-junu
*-jono
-jana
-jono
-jono
84
Grow
-hɨku
*-huruko
-huruka
-huuko
-
85
Swell
-amu
*-amo
-ama
-amo
-momoʔo-ʃo
86
Kill
-kupa-ku
*-kopa-ko
-kapa-ka
-kopa-ko
-
87
Burn, catch fire40
-ihɨe
*-íhu
-ihu
-íhu-ko ‘arder’
-íhuwe
88
Weed out (v.)
-su
*-iso-ʔo
-ísaʔa
-ísoʔo
-íso
89
Dig
-seku
*-seko
-seka
-seko
-
90
Know
-iʧu
*-eʧo
-eʧa
-eʧo
-êʃo
91
Want, like
-saʧ-u
-
-
-
-haʔáʃo
92
Fear
-piku
*-piko
-pika
-piko
-pîko
93
See41
-imu
*-imo-ʔo
-ímaʔa
-imʔo
-komómo
94
Hear
-samu
*-samo
-sama
-samo
-kâmo
95
Sleep
-imu-ku-
*-imo-ko
-imaka
-ímoko
-imóko
96
Take
-ße-u
*-weʔo
-weʔa
-weʔo
-wêo
97
Steal42
-umei-ku
*-ome-ʧo
-ameʧa
-ómeʧo
-omé-ʃo
98
Wash
-kipu
*-sipo-ko
-sipa-ka
-sip-ko
-kîpo
99
Bathe
-ku-ßu
*-ko-wo
-kawa
-kowo
-áhiko-wo
100
Defecate
-suku
*-soko
-saka
-soko
-
101
Pron.Base
-ti
*-ti
-ti
-ti
-ti
102
Absolute.Suffix
-ti
*-ti
-ti
-ti
-ti
103
Thematic.Suffix1
-ku
*-ko
-ka
-ko
-k-o-
104
Thematic.Suffix2
-ʧu
*-ʧo
-ʧa
-ʧo
-ʃ-o-
105
Reciprocal
-kuku
*-koko
-kaka
-koko
-koko