Cardiovascular risk factors in people deprived of their liberty: an integrative review

Silva, Gabrielle Pessôa da; Morais, Sheila Coelho Ramalho Vasconcelos; Frazão, Cecília Maria Farias de Queiroz; Lopes, Camila Takáo; Mangueira, Suzana de Oliveira; Linhares, Francisca Márcia Pereira

doi:10.1590/1983-1447.2020.20190357

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Brasil

Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem

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Brasil

Español English

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Sumário

Integrative Review • Rev. Gaúcha Enferm. 41 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2020.20190357 copy

Cardiovascular risk factors in people deprived of their liberty: an integrative review

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en personas privadas de libertad: revisión integradora

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To investigate the scientific evidence on the most frequent risk factors for cardiovascular disease in persons deprived of their liberty.

Methods:

An integrative literature review carried out in the CINAHL, Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, LILACS, CUIDEN, Web of Science and Virtual Health Library portal databases using the following keywords: cardiovascular diseases, risk factors, prisons, prisoners.

Results:

The final sample consisted of 17 primary articles published in English and Spanish. Overweight and obesity were the most cited cardiovascular risk factors besides diabetes, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, consumption of alcohol and other drugs, physical inactivity, metabolic syndrome, anxiety, depression and unhealthy heart diet.

Conclusions:

The most frequent risk factors for cardiovascular disease in persons deprived of their liberty were those classified as modifiable. In the prison setting, these factors are enhanced due to an environment with little modification of these opportunities.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseases; Risk factors; Prisons; Prisoners

Author/Year/Level of evidence	Methodological characteristics
Silverman-Retana O et al., 201515. Silverman-Retana O, Lopez-Ridaura R, Servan-Mori E, Bautista-Arredondo S, Bertozzi SM. Cross-sectional association between length of incarceration and selected risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases in two male prisons of Mexico City. PLoS ONE. 2015;9(10):e0138063. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138063 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... 1515. Silverman-Retana O, Lopez-Ridaura R, Servan-Mori E, Bautista-Arredondo S, Bertozzi SM. Cross-sectional association between length of incarceration and selected risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases in two male prisons of Mexico City. PLoS ONE. 2015;9(10):e0138063. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138063 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study conducted with 15,517 prisoners from two large male prisons in the prison system of Mexico City.
Abera SF, Adane K, 201616. Abera SF, Adane K. Burden and determinants of smoking among prisoners with respiratory tract infection: a cross-sectional study of nine major prison setups in Northern Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0168941. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168941 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.016... 1616. Abera SF, Adane K. Burden and determinants of smoking among prisoners with respiratory tract infection: a cross-sectional study of nine major prison setups in Northern Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0168941. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168941 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.016... Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional quantitative study in nine large prison configurations in the cities of the Tigray region, in Ethiopia, with 809 inmates.
Voller F et al., 201617. Voller F, Silvestri C, Martino G, Fanti E, Bazzerla G, Ferrari F, et al. Health conditions of inmates in Italy. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-... 1717. Voller F, Silvestri C, Martino G, Fanti E, Bazzerla G, Ferrari F, et al. Health conditions of inmates in Italy. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-... ⁾ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study, in which a specific clinical record was created using the Python programming language to include the sociodemographic, health and medical diagnoses data of 17,279 prisoners.
Silverman-Retana O et al., 201618. Silverman-Retana O, Servan-Mori E, Lopez-Ridaura R, Bautista-Arredondo S. Diabetes and hypertension care among male prisoners in Mexico City: exploring transition of care and the equivalence principle. Int J Public Health. 2016;61(6):651-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0812-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0812-... 1818. Silverman-Retana O, Servan-Mori E, Lopez-Ridaura R, Bautista-Arredondo S. Diabetes and hypertension care among male prisoners in Mexico City: exploring transition of care and the equivalence principle. Int J Public Health. 2016;61(6):651-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0812-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0812-... Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study including 496 prisoners with hypertension or diabetes from two large male prisons in Mexico City.
Nowotny KM, Rogers RG, Boardman JD, 201719. Nowotny KM, Rogers RG, Boardman JD. Racial disparities in health conditions among prisoners compared with the general population. SSM - Population Health. 2017;3:487-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.... 1919. Nowotny KM, Rogers RG, Boardman JD. Racial disparities in health conditions among prisoners compared with the general population. SSM - Population Health. 2017;3:487-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.... ⁾ Level of evidence = 4	Comparable physical health indicators were examined using two large and representative cross-sectional samples of adults in and out of prisons at the national level, namely: survey of insiders from 2004 state and federal justice statistics institutions and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Pont MM et al., 201420. Pont MM, Almansa RMB, Rivas GA, Díeza MC, Arnau RS, Restoy EG. Enfermedad arterial periférica y factores de riesgo vascular en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: comparación entre los atendidos en el hospital y en un centro penitenciário. Clin Invest Arterioscl. 2014;26(3):115-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12... 2020. Pont MM, Almansa RMB, Rivas GA, Díeza MC, Arnau RS, Restoy EG. Enfermedad arterial periférica y factores de riesgo vascular en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: comparación entre los atendidos en el hospital y en un centro penitenciário. Clin Invest Arterioscl. 2014;26(3):115-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12... Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional epidemiological study with 71 patients, >45 years old, infected with HIV, carried out in 2008 at the outpatient clinic of the Terrassa hospital (Barcelona) and in 2009 at the Brians I Penitentiary Center (PC) in Barcelona.
Martínez-Delgado MM, Ramírez-López C, 201621. Martínez-Delgado MM, Ramírez-López C. Intervención de educación para la salud en enfermedades cardiovasculares en el Centro Penitenciario de Soria. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2016;18(1):5-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202016000100002 https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-0620201600... 2121. Martínez-Delgado MM, Ramírez-López C. Intervención de educación para la salud en enfermedades cardiovasculares en el Centro Penitenciario de Soria. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2016;18(1):5-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202016000100002 https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-0620201600... Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional descriptive study carried out at the Soria Penitentiary Center with 33 prisoners. An intervention was carried out in 4 sessions, the first being an individual interview and the remaining 3, in groups.
Baldwin N, Clarke JG, Roberts MB, 201622. Baldwin N, Clarke JG, Roberts MB. Weight change during incarceration: groundwork for a collaborative health intervention. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(3):1567-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2016.0144 https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2016.0144... 2222. Baldwin N, Clarke JG, Roberts MB. Weight change during incarceration: groundwork for a collaborative health intervention. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(3):1567-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2016.0144 https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2016.0144... Level of evidence = 4	A descriptive study conducted from May to August 2014, with 103 men who were in the Rhode Island Correctional Institution for Adults.
Gates ML, Bradford RK, 201523. Gates ML, Bradford RK. The impact of incarceration on obesity: are prisoners with chronic diseases becoming overweight and obese during their confinement? Int J Obes. 2015;2015:532468. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468... 2323. Gates ML, Bradford RK. The impact of incarceration on obesity: are prisoners with chronic diseases becoming overweight and obese during their confinement? Int J Obes. 2015;2015:532468. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468... Level of evidence = 4	A retrospective longitudinal study for 2005-2011, conducted with 2,932 individuals from a department of state corrections in the United States. The data were extracted from a state electronic health and infraction management system of the department of state corrections.
Lagarrigue A et al., 201724. Lagarrigue A, Ajana S, Capuron L, Feâart C, Moisan M-P. Obesity in French inmates: gender differences and relationship with mood, eating behavior and physical activity. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0170413. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170413 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017... 2424. Lagarrigue A, Ajana S, Capuron L, Feâart C, Moisan M-P. Obesity in French inmates: gender differences and relationship with mood, eating behavior and physical activity. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0170413. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170413 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017... Level of evidence = 4	A descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out with 51 prisoners from the correctional institution for adults in Seysse, France.
Hannan-Jones M, Capra S, 201625. Hannan-Jones M, Capra S. Prevalence of diet-related risk factors for chronic disease in male prisoners in a high secure prison. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(2):212-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 ... 2525. Hannan-Jones M, Capra S. Prevalence of diet-related risk factors for chronic disease in male prisoners in a high secure prison. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(2):212-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 ... Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of prisoners in an Australian prison facility.
Vera-Remartínez EJ et al., 201426. Vera-Remartínez EJ, Borraz-Fernández JR, Domínguez-Zamorano JÁ, Mora-Parra LM, Casado-Hoces SV, González-Gómez JÁ, et al. Prevalence of chronic diseases and risk factors among the Spanish prison population. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2014 [cited 2019 Sep 07];16(2):38-47. Available from:Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1575-06202014000200003&lng=es http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?scri... 2626. Vera-Remartínez EJ, Borraz-Fernández JR, Domínguez-Zamorano JÁ, Mora-Parra LM, Casado-Hoces SV, González-Gómez JÁ, et al. Prevalence of chronic diseases and risk factors among the Spanish prison population. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2014 [cited 2019 Sep 07];16(2):38-47. Available from:Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1575-06202014000200003&lng=es http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?scri... Level of evidence = 4	A multi-centre cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in 9 penitentiary centers in Spain with a sample of 1,077 individuals.
Bai JR et al., 201555. Bai JR, Befus M, Mukherjee DV, Lowy FD, Larson EL. Prevalence and predictors of chronic health conditions of inmates newly admitted to maximum security prisons. J Correct Health Care. 2015;21(3):255-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345815587510 https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345815587510... Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study in which medical records and interview questionnaires of 759 newly admitted inmates in two maximum security prisons were analyzed: the Penitentiary Institute of Bedford Hills for Women and the Sing Sing Correctional Facility for Men, both in New York City.
Geitona M, Milioni SO, 201627. Geitona M, Milioni SO. Health status and access to health services of female prisoners in Greece: a cross-sectional. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1506-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1506-... 2727. Geitona M, Milioni SO. Health status and access to health services of female prisoners in Greece: a cross-sectional. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1506-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1506-... ⁾ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional, descriptive research in the department of female detention in Korydallos (Greece).
Bautista-Arredondo S et al., 201528. Bautista-Arredondo S, González A, Servan-Mori E, Beynon F, Juarez-Figueroa L, Conde-Glez CJ, et al. A cross-sectional study of prisoners in Mexico City comparing prevalence of transmissible infections and chronic diseases with that in the general population. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131718. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131718 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... 2828. Bautista-Arredondo S, González A, Servan-Mori E, Beynon F, Juarez-Figueroa L, Conde-Glez CJ, et al. A cross-sectional study of prisoners in Mexico City comparing prevalence of transmissible infections and chronic diseases with that in the general population. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131718. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131718 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... ⁾ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted with 15,517 men and 1,779 women in two male and two female prisons in Mexico City.
Drach LL et al., 201629. Drach LL, Maher JE, Braun MJF, Murray SL, Sazie E. Substance use, disordered eating, and weight gain: describing the prevention and treatment needs of incarcerated women. J Correct Health Care. 2016;22(2):139-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345816634692 https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345816634692... 2929. Drach LL, Maher JE, Braun MJF, Murray SL, Sazie E. Substance use, disordered eating, and weight gain: describing the prevention and treatment needs of incarcerated women. J Correct Health Care. 2016;22(2):139-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345816634692 https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345816634692... ⁾ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study conducted in June 2014. Height and weight measurements were taken of 134 inmates of the Coffee Creek Correctional Facility.
Martínez-Vicente JR, Baile JI, González-Calderón MJ, 201430. Martínez-Vicente JR, Baile JI, González-Calderón MJ. Estudio de la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad en un centro penitenciario español. Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(6):1237-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2014.30.6.7782 https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2014.30.6.778... 3030. Martínez-Vicente JR, Baile JI, González-Calderón MJ. Estudio de la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad en un centro penitenciario español. Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(6):1237-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2014.30.6.7782 https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2014.30.6.778... Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study in which 122 inmates of a Spanish prison center were selected systematically between November and December 2013.

Cardiovascular risk factors	Number of articles	Studied countries
Overweight and Obesity55. Bai JR, Befus M, Mukherjee DV, Lowy FD, Larson EL. Prevalence and predictors of chronic health conditions of inmates newly admitted to maximum security prisons. J Correct Health Care. 2015;21(3):255-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345815587510 https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345815587510... ^,1515. Silverman-Retana O, Lopez-Ridaura R, Servan-Mori E, Bautista-Arredondo S, Bertozzi SM. Cross-sectional association between length of incarceration and selected risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases in two male prisons of Mexico City. PLoS ONE. 2015;9(10):e0138063. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138063 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... ^,1717. Voller F, Silvestri C, Martino G, Fanti E, Bazzerla G, Ferrari F, et al. Health conditions of inmates in Italy. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-... ^,1919. Nowotny KM, Rogers RG, Boardman JD. Racial disparities in health conditions among prisoners compared with the general population. SSM - Population Health. 2017;3:487-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.... ^-2626. Vera-Remartínez EJ, Borraz-Fernández JR, Domínguez-Zamorano JÁ, Mora-Parra LM, Casado-Hoces SV, González-Gómez JÁ, et al. Prevalence of chronic diseases and risk factors among the Spanish prison population. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2014 [cited 2019 Sep 07];16(2):38-47. Available from:Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1575-06202014000200003&lng=es http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?scri... ^,2828. Bautista-Arredondo S, González A, Servan-Mori E, Beynon F, Juarez-Figueroa L, Conde-Glez CJ, et al. A cross-sectional study of prisoners in Mexico City comparing prevalence of transmissible infections and chronic diseases with that in the general population. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131718. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131718 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... ^-3030. Martínez-Vicente JR, Baile JI, González-Calderón MJ. Estudio de la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad en un centro penitenciario español. Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(6):1237-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2014.30.6.7782 https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2014.30.6.778...	14	Mexico, Italy, Spain, USA, France and Australia
Diabetes55. Bai JR, Befus M, Mukherjee DV, Lowy FD, Larson EL. Prevalence and predictors of chronic health conditions of inmates newly admitted to maximum security prisons. J Correct Health Care. 2015;21(3):255-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345815587510 https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345815587510... ^,1515. Silverman-Retana O, Lopez-Ridaura R, Servan-Mori E, Bautista-Arredondo S, Bertozzi SM. Cross-sectional association between length of incarceration and selected risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases in two male prisons of Mexico City. PLoS ONE. 2015;9(10):e0138063. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138063 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... ^,1717. Voller F, Silvestri C, Martino G, Fanti E, Bazzerla G, Ferrari F, et al. Health conditions of inmates in Italy. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-... ^-2121. Martínez-Delgado MM, Ramírez-López C. Intervención de educación para la salud en enfermedades cardiovasculares en el Centro Penitenciario de Soria. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2016;18(1):5-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202016000100002 https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-0620201600... ^,2323. Gates ML, Bradford RK. The impact of incarceration on obesity: are prisoners with chronic diseases becoming overweight and obese during their confinement? Int J Obes. 2015;2015:532468. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468... ^,2525. Hannan-Jones M, Capra S. Prevalence of diet-related risk factors for chronic disease in male prisoners in a high secure prison. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(2):212-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 ... ^,2626. Vera-Remartínez EJ, Borraz-Fernández JR, Domínguez-Zamorano JÁ, Mora-Parra LM, Casado-Hoces SV, González-Gómez JÁ, et al. Prevalence of chronic diseases and risk factors among the Spanish prison population. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2014 [cited 2019 Sep 07];16(2):38-47. Available from:Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1575-06202014000200003&lng=es http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?scri... ^,2828. Bautista-Arredondo S, González A, Servan-Mori E, Beynon F, Juarez-Figueroa L, Conde-Glez CJ, et al. A cross-sectional study of prisoners in Mexico City comparing prevalence of transmissible infections and chronic diseases with that in the general population. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131718. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131718 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013...	11	Mexico, Italy, Spain, Australia and USA
Hypertension1515. Silverman-Retana O, Lopez-Ridaura R, Servan-Mori E, Bautista-Arredondo S, Bertozzi SM. Cross-sectional association between length of incarceration and selected risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases in two male prisons of Mexico City. PLoS ONE. 2015;9(10):e0138063. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138063 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... ^,1717. Voller F, Silvestri C, Martino G, Fanti E, Bazzerla G, Ferrari F, et al. Health conditions of inmates in Italy. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-... ^-2121. Martínez-Delgado MM, Ramírez-López C. Intervención de educación para la salud en enfermedades cardiovasculares en el Centro Penitenciario de Soria. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2016;18(1):5-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202016000100002 https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-0620201600... ^,2323. Gates ML, Bradford RK. The impact of incarceration on obesity: are prisoners with chronic diseases becoming overweight and obese during their confinement? Int J Obes. 2015;2015:532468. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468... ^,2525. Hannan-Jones M, Capra S. Prevalence of diet-related risk factors for chronic disease in male prisoners in a high secure prison. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(2):212-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 ... ^-2626. Vera-Remartínez EJ, Borraz-Fernández JR, Domínguez-Zamorano JÁ, Mora-Parra LM, Casado-Hoces SV, González-Gómez JÁ, et al. Prevalence of chronic diseases and risk factors among the Spanish prison population. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2014 [cited 2019 Sep 07];16(2):38-47. Available from:Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1575-06202014000200003&lng=es http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?scri... ^,2828. Bautista-Arredondo S, González A, Servan-Mori E, Beynon F, Juarez-Figueroa L, Conde-Glez CJ, et al. A cross-sectional study of prisoners in Mexico City comparing prevalence of transmissible infections and chronic diseases with that in the general population. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131718. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131718 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013...	10	Mexico, Italy, Spain, Australia and USA
Smoking55. Bai JR, Befus M, Mukherjee DV, Lowy FD, Larson EL. Prevalence and predictors of chronic health conditions of inmates newly admitted to maximum security prisons. J Correct Health Care. 2015;21(3):255-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345815587510 https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345815587510... ^,1616. Abera SF, Adane K. Burden and determinants of smoking among prisoners with respiratory tract infection: a cross-sectional study of nine major prison setups in Northern Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0168941. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168941 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.016... ^,1717. Voller F, Silvestri C, Martino G, Fanti E, Bazzerla G, Ferrari F, et al. Health conditions of inmates in Italy. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-... ^,2020. Pont MM, Almansa RMB, Rivas GA, Díeza MC, Arnau RS, Restoy EG. Enfermedad arterial periférica y factores de riesgo vascular en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: comparación entre los atendidos en el hospital y en un centro penitenciário. Clin Invest Arterioscl. 2014;26(3):115-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12... ^-2121. Martínez-Delgado MM, Ramírez-López C. Intervención de educación para la salud en enfermedades cardiovasculares en el Centro Penitenciario de Soria. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2016;18(1):5-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202016000100002 https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-0620201600... ^,2424. Lagarrigue A, Ajana S, Capuron L, Feâart C, Moisan M-P. Obesity in French inmates: gender differences and relationship with mood, eating behavior and physical activity. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0170413. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170413 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017... ^-2828. Bautista-Arredondo S, González A, Servan-Mori E, Beynon F, Juarez-Figueroa L, Conde-Glez CJ, et al. A cross-sectional study of prisoners in Mexico City comparing prevalence of transmissible infections and chronic diseases with that in the general population. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131718. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131718 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013...	10	Mexico, Greece, Italy, Spain, Australia, USA and Ethiopia
Dyslipidemia1717. Voller F, Silvestri C, Martino G, Fanti E, Bazzerla G, Ferrari F, et al. Health conditions of inmates in Italy. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3830-... ^,2020. Pont MM, Almansa RMB, Rivas GA, Díeza MC, Arnau RS, Restoy EG. Enfermedad arterial periférica y factores de riesgo vascular en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: comparación entre los atendidos en el hospital y en un centro penitenciário. Clin Invest Arterioscl. 2014;26(3):115-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12... ^-2121. Martínez-Delgado MM, Ramírez-López C. Intervención de educación para la salud en enfermedades cardiovasculares en el Centro Penitenciario de Soria. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2016;18(1):5-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202016000100002 https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-0620201600... ^,2323. Gates ML, Bradford RK. The impact of incarceration on obesity: are prisoners with chronic diseases becoming overweight and obese during their confinement? Int J Obes. 2015;2015:532468. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468... ^,2525. Hannan-Jones M, Capra S. Prevalence of diet-related risk factors for chronic disease in male prisoners in a high secure prison. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(2):212-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 ... ^,2626. Vera-Remartínez EJ, Borraz-Fernández JR, Domínguez-Zamorano JÁ, Mora-Parra LM, Casado-Hoces SV, González-Gómez JÁ, et al. Prevalence of chronic diseases and risk factors among the Spanish prison population. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2014 [cited 2019 Sep 07];16(2):38-47. Available from:Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1575-06202014000200003&lng=es http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?scri... ^,2828. Bautista-Arredondo S, González A, Servan-Mori E, Beynon F, Juarez-Figueroa L, Conde-Glez CJ, et al. A cross-sectional study of prisoners in Mexico City comparing prevalence of transmissible infections and chronic diseases with that in the general population. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131718. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131718 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013...	7	Mexico, Italy, Spain, Australia and USA
Consumption of alcohol and other drugs55. Bai JR, Befus M, Mukherjee DV, Lowy FD, Larson EL. Prevalence and predictors of chronic health conditions of inmates newly admitted to maximum security prisons. J Correct Health Care. 2015;21(3):255-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345815587510 https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345815587510... ^,2121. Martínez-Delgado MM, Ramírez-López C. Intervención de educación para la salud en enfermedades cardiovasculares en el Centro Penitenciario de Soria. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2016;18(1):5-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202016000100002 https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-0620201600... ^,2626. Vera-Remartínez EJ, Borraz-Fernández JR, Domínguez-Zamorano JÁ, Mora-Parra LM, Casado-Hoces SV, González-Gómez JÁ, et al. Prevalence of chronic diseases and risk factors among the Spanish prison population. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2014 [cited 2019 Sep 07];16(2):38-47. Available from:Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1575-06202014000200003&lng=es http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?scri... ^-2828. Bautista-Arredondo S, González A, Servan-Mori E, Beynon F, Juarez-Figueroa L, Conde-Glez CJ, et al. A cross-sectional study of prisoners in Mexico City comparing prevalence of transmissible infections and chronic diseases with that in the general population. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131718. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131718 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013...	5	Mexico, Greece, Spain and USA
Sedentarism2020. Pont MM, Almansa RMB, Rivas GA, Díeza MC, Arnau RS, Restoy EG. Enfermedad arterial periférica y factores de riesgo vascular en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: comparación entre los atendidos en el hospital y en un centro penitenciário. Clin Invest Arterioscl. 2014;26(3):115-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12... ^,2424. Lagarrigue A, Ajana S, Capuron L, Feâart C, Moisan M-P. Obesity in French inmates: gender differences and relationship with mood, eating behavior and physical activity. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0170413. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170413 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017... ^,2626. Vera-Remartínez EJ, Borraz-Fernández JR, Domínguez-Zamorano JÁ, Mora-Parra LM, Casado-Hoces SV, González-Gómez JÁ, et al. Prevalence of chronic diseases and risk factors among the Spanish prison population. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2014 [cited 2019 Sep 07];16(2):38-47. Available from:Available from: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1575-06202014000200003&lng=es http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?scri... ^,2828. Bautista-Arredondo S, González A, Servan-Mori E, Beynon F, Juarez-Figueroa L, Conde-Glez CJ, et al. A cross-sectional study of prisoners in Mexico City comparing prevalence of transmissible infections and chronic diseases with that in the general population. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131718. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131718 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013...	4	Mexico, Spain and France
Metabolic syndrome1515. Silverman-Retana O, Lopez-Ridaura R, Servan-Mori E, Bautista-Arredondo S, Bertozzi SM. Cross-sectional association between length of incarceration and selected risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases in two male prisons of Mexico City. PLoS ONE. 2015;9(10):e0138063. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138063 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... ^,2424. Lagarrigue A, Ajana S, Capuron L, Feâart C, Moisan M-P. Obesity in French inmates: gender differences and relationship with mood, eating behavior and physical activity. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0170413. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170413 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017... ^-2525. Hannan-Jones M, Capra S. Prevalence of diet-related risk factors for chronic disease in male prisoners in a high secure prison. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(2):212-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.100 ...	3	Mexico, France and Australia
Anxiety and Depression2424. Lagarrigue A, Ajana S, Capuron L, Feâart C, Moisan M-P. Obesity in French inmates: gender differences and relationship with mood, eating behavior and physical activity. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0170413. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170413 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017... ^,2727. Geitona M, Milioni SO. Health status and access to health services of female prisoners in Greece: a cross-sectional. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1506-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1506-... ^-2828. Bautista-Arredondo S, González A, Servan-Mori E, Beynon F, Juarez-Figueroa L, Conde-Glez CJ, et al. A cross-sectional study of prisoners in Mexico City comparing prevalence of transmissible infections and chronic diseases with that in the general population. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131718. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131718 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013...	3	Mexico, Greece and France
Unhealthy heart diet1515. Silverman-Retana O, Lopez-Ridaura R, Servan-Mori E, Bautista-Arredondo S, Bertozzi SM. Cross-sectional association between length of incarceration and selected risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases in two male prisons of Mexico City. PLoS ONE. 2015;9(10):e0138063. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138063 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013... ^,2020. Pont MM, Almansa RMB, Rivas GA, Díeza MC, Arnau RS, Restoy EG. Enfermedad arterial periférica y factores de riesgo vascular en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: comparación entre los atendidos en el hospital y en un centro penitenciário. Clin Invest Arterioscl. 2014;26(3):115-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12...	2	Mexico and Spain

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[1] Corresponding author:
Gabrielle Pessôa da Silva E-mail:pessoa.gabrielle@hotmail.com