BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZER AND COVER PLANTS ON SOIL ATTRIBUTES AND MAIZE YIELD

ASCARI, JOÃO PAULO; ARAÚJO, DEJÂNIA VIEIRA DE; MENDES, INÊS ROEDER NOGUEIRA; DALLACORT, RIVANILDO; MATSUMOTO, LEOPOLDO SUSSUMU

doi:10.1590/1983-21252019v32n315rc

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Agronomia • Rev. Caatinga 32 (3) • Jul-Sep 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n315rc copy

BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZER AND COVER PLANTS ON SOIL ATTRIBUTES AND MAIZE YIELD¹ 1 Extracted from the master thesis of the first author.

FERTILIZANTE BIOLÓGICO E PLANTAS DE COBERTURA NOS ATRIBUTOS DO SOLO E PRODUTIVIDADE DO MILHO

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Maize is an important crop for Brazil's economy. This species is, in general, grown as monoculture, making it necessary the use of conservationist practices for soil management and to favor crop development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of biological fertilizer and cover plants on soil properties and maize yield. The experiment was conducted in a dystrophic Latossolo Vermelho (Oxisol), in the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 crop seasons in Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, using a double factorial arrangement with an additional control: two biological fertilizer conditions, three soil cover conditions, and a control (forest fragment). Seeds of Pennisetum glaucum and Crotalaria ochroleuca were sowed on October 2015 and 2016. Maize seeds were sowed on December 2015 and 2016, with subsequent application of 150 L ha^-1 of biological fertilizer. The soil cultivated with maize had greater chemical quality than that under the forest fragment, however, the forest fragment soil had greater microbiological quality. The use of biological fertilizer and cover plants increased the fertility and microbiological quality of the soil cultivated with maize. The use of cover plants increased the maize yield in both crop seasons. The use of biological fertilizer and soil cover plants (P. glaucum and C. ochroleuca) improved the soil chemical and microbiological quality.

Keywords:
Soil fertility; Microbiological quality; Zea mays

Chemical characteristics
pH	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	Zn	Cu	Fe	B	OM
H₂O	-------------------------- g L^-1 --------------------------						------------------- mg L^-1 --------------				%
6.2	0.71	0.3	0.02	0.06	0.01	0.04	4.7	2.8	175	14.4	5.2

Biological fertilizer	Cover plant	Dunnett’s test (p≤0.05)
		pH	OM	P	K	Ca	Mg	H+Al	T
		CaCl₂	g kg^-1	---- mg dm^-3 ---		---------- cmol_c dm^-3 --------
With	Millet	6.6	23.5b	2.6b	117.3a	3.7a	2.0b	1.5b	7.5
	Crotalaria	6.7	23.2b	3.5b	117.3a	3.3b	2.0a	1.5b	7.1
	Fallow	6.5	24.8b	3.5b	39.1b	3.7a	2.0b	1.4b	7.3
Without	Millet	6.6	21.5b	3.9b	156.4a	3.3b	1.6b	1.5b	6.8
	Crotalaria	6.7	24.5b	4.5b	78.2b	3.0b	1.2b	1.6b	6.1
	Fallow	6.5	22.2b	5.1a	39.1b	3.2b	2.2a	1.4b	7.0
Forest fragment		6.4	30.5a	0.7b	39.1b	2.3b	1.1b	3.3a	6.9
Biological fertilizer		Tukey’s test (p≤0.05)
With		6.6	23.8	3.2	78.2	3.6	2.0	1.5	7.3
Without		6.6	22.7	4.5	78.2	3.2	1.7	1.5	6.6
Cover plants
Millet		6.6	22.5	3.3	117.2a	3.5	1.8	1.5	7.2
Crotalaria		6.7	23.8	4.0	78.2b	3.2	1.6	1.6	6.6
Fallow		6.5	23.5	4.3	39.1c	3.5	2.1	1.4	7.1
CV (%)		4.1	8.9	63.8	22.7	20.8	24.9	10.4	12.9

Biological fertilizer	Cover plant	Dunnett’s test (p≤0.05)
		pH	OM	P	K	Ca	Mg	H+Al	T
		CaCl₂	g kg^-1	---- mg dm^-3 ---		---------- cmol_c dm^-3 --------
With	Millet	5.7a	27.3b	6.3a	117.3a	4.3a	1.3	2.7b	8.6b
	Crotalaria	5.7a	28.0b	2.7b	117.3a	4.2a	1.2	2.3b	8.0b
	Fallow	5.8a	27.7b	4.3b	78.2a	4.3a	1.3	2.3b	8.1b
Without	Millet	5.4a	27.0b	6.5a	117.3a	4.1b	1.3	2.4b	8.1b
	Crotalaria	5.5a	25.3b	4.6b	78.2a	4.3a	1.2	2.6b	8.3b
	Fallow	5.5a	26.7b	4.2b	78.2a	4.1b	1.3	2.6b	8.2b
Forest fragment		5.0b	39.3a	0.7b	39.1b	3.8b	1.2	4.3a	9.4a
Biological fertilizer		Tukey’s test (p≤0,05)
With		5.7a	27.7	4.2	117.3	4.2	1.3	2.4	8.2
Without		5.5b	26.3	5.1	78.4	4.2	1.2	2.5	8.2
Cover of soil
Millet		5.6	27.2	6.4	117.3a	4.2	1.3	2.5	8.3
Crotalaria		5.6	26.7	3.6	78.3b	4.2	1.2	2.4	8.1
Fallow		5.7	27.2	4.3	78.2b	4.2	1.3	2.4	8.1
CV (%)		1.59	6.52	54.13	19.1	3.7	5.7	17.4	4.8

Biological fertilizer	Cover plants	Dunnett’s test (p≤0.05)
		Season 2015-2016					Season 2016-2017
		TOC	SMBC	qMIC	C-CO₂	qCO₂	TOC	SMBC	qMIC	C-CO₂	qCO₂
With	Millet	13.6b	95.4b	0.7b	0.4b	3.9b	15.9b	177.7b	1.1a	0.4	3.0b
	Crotalaria	13.4b	77.9b	0.6b	0.2b	2.8b	16.2b	130.8b	0.8b	0.4	3.2b
	Fallow	14.4b	133.1b	0.9b	0.5b	3.5b	16.1b	112.3b	0.7b	0.6	5.8a
Without	Millet	12.5b	80.5b	0.7b	0.4b	4.8a	15.7b	125.5b	0.8b	0.6	5.6a
	Crotalaria	14.2b	67.4b	0.5b	0.3b	4.5a	15.4b	156.4b	1.0a	0.4	2.8b
	Fallow	12.8b	49.5b	0.4b	0.3b	7.4a	14.7b	114.3b	0.8b	0.6	4.3b
Forest fragment		17.7a	439.3a	2.6a	0.8a	1.9b	21.4a	324.7a	1.5a	0.5	1.5b
Biological fertilizer		Tukey’s test (p≤0,05)
With		13.8	102.1a	0.7a	0.4	3.4b	16.0	140.2	0.9	0.5	4.0
Without		13.2	65.8b	0.5b	0.3	5.6a	15.3	132.1	0.9	0.5	4.2
Cover of soil
Millet		13.0	88.0	0.7a	0.4ab	4.3ab	15.8	151.6	0.9	0.5	4.3ab
Crotalaria		13.8	72.7	0.5b	0.3b	3.7b	15.8	143.6	0.9	0.4	3.0b
Fallow		13.6	91.3	0.6ab	0.4a	5.5a	15.4	113.3	0.7	0.6	5.0a
CV (%)		8.9	9.9	10.2	19.7	24.1	7.1	30.3	36.1	25.3	38.9

Biological fertilizer	Season 2015-2016
	LA	PH	SD	ED	EL	NRE	NGR	1.000GW	GY
	m²	m	-------- cm -----------			----- un -----		g	kg ha^-1
With	7.4	2.2	2.1	4.8	15.3	15.9	30.3	319.7	5,745.8
Without	7.6	2.2	2.2	4.8	15.6	16.1	31.1	316.9	6,034.1
Cover plants
Millet	7.5ab	2.2	2.2	4.7b	15.2	15.7	29.8b	320.0	5,754.1ab
Crotalaria	7.9a	2.2	2.1	4.8a	15.7	15.9	31.6a	315.6	6,251.2a
Fallow	7.1b	2.2	2.1	4.8a	15.4	16.2	30.8ab	319.3	5,664.5b
CV (%)	7.0	2.1	5.7	1.8	4.3	2.7	4.6	4.30	7.4
Biological fertilizer	Season 2016-2017
With	7.4	2.1	2.2	4.8	17.2	17.9	35.4	377.2	7,839.7
Without	7.4	2.1	2.2	4.8	17.6	18.1	36.1	377.0	7,750.8
Cover plants
Millet	7.3	2.1	2.3	4.8	17.2	17.7	34.8b	378.0	8,206.9a
Crotalaria	7.0	2.2	2.3	4.9	17.7	17.9	36.6a	376.0	8,217.5a
Fallow	7.9	2.1	2.2	4.9	17.4	18.2	35.8ab	377.6	6,961.3b
CV (%)	10.4	5.0	5.7	1.8	3.8	2.4	4.0	2.35	10.7

Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido Avenida Francisco Mota, número 572, Bairro Presidente Costa e Silva, Cep: 5962-5900, Telefone: 55 (84) 3317-8297 - Mossoró - RN - Brazil
E-mail: caatinga@ufersa.edu.br

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[1] ^* Corresponding author: JOÃO PAULO ASCARI - joaoascari321@gmail.com

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BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZER AND COVER PLANTS ON SOIL ATTRIBUTES AND MAIZE YIELD1 1 Extracted from the master thesis of the first author.

FERTILIZANTE BIOLÓGICO E PLANTAS DE COBERTURA NOS ATRIBUTOS DO SOLO E PRODUTIVIDADE DO MILHO

ABSTRACT

BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZER AND COVER PLANTS ON SOIL ATTRIBUTES AND MAIZE YIELD¹ 1 Extracted from the master thesis of the first author.